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Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Series of progressive changes in an individual from its beginning to maturity

A

Development

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2
Q

When does development begin?

A

It begins when a fertilized egg divides mitotically

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3
Q

Specialization occurs as a

A

hierarchy of developmental “decisions”

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4
Q

Key events in animal development

A

Gamete formation > Fertilization > Cleavage/Blastulation > Gastrulation > Organogenesis > Growth

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5
Q

Key events in animal development: Sperm and egg form, mature

A

Gamete formation

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6
Q

Key events in animal development: Egg and Sperm fuse

A

Fertilization

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7
Q

Key events in animal development: Zygote subsides, determinants partitioned in blastomeres

A

Cleavage/Blastulation

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8
Q

Key events in animal development: Germ Layer Forms

A

Gastrulation

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9
Q

Key events in animal development: Body organs form, cells interact, differentiate

A

Organogenesis

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10
Q

Key events in animal development: Organs increase in size, adult body form attained

A

Growth

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11
Q

Fertilization and Activation
- A century of research has been conducted on_______
- Especially _________

A

marine invertebrates, sea urchins

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12
Q

Contact and Recognition Between Egg and Sperm in Marine organisms: how much sperm do marine organisms release in the ocean to fertilize eggs

A

enormous numbers of sperm

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13
Q

Contact and Recognition Between Egg and Sperm in Marine organisms: Many eggs release what in order to attract sperm of the same species

A

a chemical molecule, this is also known as chemotaxis

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14
Q

After sperm and egg membranes fuse: the Sperm loses what

A

its flagellum

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15
Q

After sperm and egg membranes fuse: ___________ migrates inward to contact the female nucleus

A

Enlarged sperm nucleus

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16
Q

After sperm and egg membranes fuse: Fusion of male and female nuclei forms a ________

A

diploid zygote nucleus

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17
Q

Sets in motion important changes in the egg cytoplasm
- Fertilized egg called a zygote

A

Fertilization

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18
Q

Most animals proceed through these stages during development:

A

Zygote > Early cleavage stages > Gastrulation > Body plan (Segmentation) > Morphogenesis

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19
Q

Most animals proceed through these stages during development: Fertilized egg

A

Zygote

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20
Q

Most animals proceed through these stages during development: blastula, establish polarity and body axes

A

Early cleavage stages

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21
Q

Most animals proceed through these stages during development: Establish germ layers

A

Gastrulation

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22
Q

Order of germ layer formation

A

First: Ectoderm.
Second: Endoderm.
Third: Mesoderm.

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23
Q

Most animals proceed through these stages during development: In vertebrates, this involves neurulation

A

Body plan (Segmentation)

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24
Q

Most animals proceed through these stages during development: Organogenesis

A

Morphogenesis

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25
Q

Embryo divides repeatedly

A

Cleavage

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26
Q

is a solid mass of cells (blastomeres)

A

Morula

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27
Q

The embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is called a _______

A

Morula

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28
Q

Cleavage and Early Development: No cell growth occurs, only subdivision until cells reach regular somatic cell size (True or False)

A

True

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29
Q

At the start of cleavage, Zygote has been divided into many hundreds or thousands of cells (True or False)

A

False (At the END not Start of cleavage)

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30
Q

a two-layered ball of cells formed by a dynamic rearrangement of blastomeres

A

Blastula

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31
Q

32-cell stage of division

A

Blastula

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32
Q

Hollow, fluid filled cavity

A

blastocoel

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33
Q

Cleavage: Amount of Yolk, The Three Types

A

Isolecithal, Mesolecithal, Telolecithal

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34
Q

Cleavage: Amount of Yolk:
* Very little yolk, evenly distributed
* Use Holoblastic cleavage- full cleavage

A

Isolecithal

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35
Q

Cleavage: Amount of Yolk:
* Moderate yolk
* Use Holoblastic - full cleavage

A

Mesolecithal

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36
Q

Cleavage: Amount of Yolk:
* Have an abundance of yolk
* Use Meroblastic cleavage - partial cleavage

A

Telolecithal

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37
Q

Patterns of Embryonic Cleavage: The Two Types

A

Holoblastic & Meroblastic

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38
Q

Patterns of Embryonic Cleavage:
* Cleavage extends entire length of egg
* Egg does not contain a lot of yolk, so cleavage occurs throughout egg
*Example: mammals, sea stars, worms

A

Holoblastic

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39
Q

Patterns of Embryonic Cleavage:
* Cells divide sitting on top of yolk
* Too much yolk and yolk can’t divide
* Examples: birds, reptiles, fish

A

Meroblastic

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40
Q

Blastulation: Cleavage creates a cluster of cells called the_____

41
Q

Blastulation: Blastula stage typically consists of a ________ cells

A

few hundred to
several thousand

42
Q

Blastulation: In most animals
Cells are arranged around a fluid-filled cavity called the ______

A

blastocoel

43
Q

Blastulation: During blastula stage, the first germ layer formed is _______

44
Q

Gastrulation: Results in the formation of Two Germ Layers
Endoderm and Mesoderm

A

Gastrulation

45
Q

Gastrulation: During grastula stage, the second germ layer formed is _______

46
Q

Gastrulation: Involves an _______of one side of blastula
Forms a new internal cavity called_________

A

invagination - gastrocoel

47
Q

Gastrulation: Opening into the cavity is called ______

A

Blastopore

48
Q

Gastrulation: Gastrula has an outer layer of ________ and an inner
layer of ________

A

ectoderm - endoderm

49
Q

Gastrulation: Animals with two germ layers are called

A

Diploblastic (Endoderm and Ectoderm)

50
Q

Gastrulation: Most animals who add a 3rd germ layer are called

A

Triploblastic

51
Q

Gastrulation: Mesoderm
* ______ germ layer
*Forms ______ the endoderm and the ectoderm
*Mesoderm arises from _______

A

3rd, between, endoderm

52
Q

Developmental Characteristics: Germ Layer Outcomes during
Morphogenesis: Epithelium and nervous system

53
Q

Developmental Characteristics: Germ Layer Outcomes during
Morphogenesis: Epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tract, liver, pancreas

54
Q

Developmental Characteristics: Germ Layer Outcomes during
Morphogenesis: Muscular system, reproductive system, bone, kidneys, blood, notochord

55
Q

Developmental Characteristics: Neurulation: formation of a ______ from the ______ of the embryo

A

neural tube - ectoderm

56
Q

Developmental Characteristics: Neurulation: happens in ______ & _______ embryos

A

chordates and vertebrate

57
Q

Developmental Characteristics: Neurulation: the embryo at this stage is termed the _____

58
Q

A developmental congenital disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the neural tube during neurulation

A

Spina bifida

59
Q

Formation of the Coelom: Body cavity surrounded by mesoderm

60
Q

Formation of the Coelom: The method by which the
coelom forms is an _____

A

inherited character, Important in grouping organisms based on
developmental characters

61
Q

Formation of the Coelom: Upon completion of coelom formation

A

Body has 3 tissue layers and 2 cavities

62
Q

Formation of the Coelom: Animals Without a Coelom are called _____

A

Acoelomates (Ex. flatworms )

63
Q

Developmental Characteristics: Two major groups of triploblastic
animals

A

Protostomes and Deuterostomes

64
Q

Developmental Characteristics: Two major groups of triploblastic
animals are identified by four developmental characters

A
  • Cleavage Patterns (radial or spiral)
  • Fate of Blastopore (mouth or anus)
  • Coelom Formation (split mesoderm or outpocketing mesoderm)
  • Embryo Type (Regulative or Mosaic)
65
Q

Developmental Characteristics: Two major groups of triploblastic
animals are identified by four developmental characters: Cleavage Patterns

A

radial or spiral

66
Q

Developmental Characteristics: Two major groups of triploblastic
animals are identified by four developmental characters: Fate of Blastopore

A

mouth or anus

67
Q

Developmental Characteristics: Two major groups of triploblastic
animals are identified by four developmental characters: Coelom Formation

A

split mesoderm or outpocketing mesoderm

68
Q

Developmental Characteristics: Two major groups of triploblastic
animals are identified by four developmental characters: Embryo Type

A

Regulative or Mosaic

69
Q

Developmental Characteristics: Two major groups of triploblastic
animals are identified by four developmental characters: Protostomes

A
  • Cleavage Patterns: Spiral
  • Fate of Blastopore: Mouth first then anus
  • Coelom Formation: Split mesoderm (Schizocoelous)
  • Embryo Type: Mosaic
70
Q

Developmental Characteristics: Two major groups of triploblastic
animals are identified by four developmental characters: Deuterostomes

A
  • Cleavage Patterns: Radial
  • Fate of Blastopore: Anus first then mouth (developes a complete gut)
  • Coelom Formation: Outpocketing mesoderm (enterocoelous)
  • Embryo Type: Regulative
71
Q

Coelom Formation - Mesoderm movement:
*Mesoderm sides push outward and expand into a pouch-like coelomic compartment
*Pouch-like compartment pinches off and forms a mesoderm bound space surrounding the gut
*Occurs in Deuterostomes ( Sea stars, fish, frogs, etc.

A

Enterocoely - Enterocelous Plan

72
Q

Coelom Formation - Mesoderm movement:
*Coelom forms from Endodermal cells move to blastopore and develop into mesoderm
*Mesoderm separates or splits to form cavity (coelom)
*Occurs in Protostome (Earthworms, snails)

A

Schizocoely - Schizocoelous Plan

73
Q

Animal Body Plans: Animal Symmetry correspondence of size and shape of parts on opposite sides of a median plane

A
  • Spherical
  • Radial
  • Bilatera
74
Q

Animal Body Plans: Animal Symmetry:
* any plane passing through
* the center divides a body into equivalent, or mirrored, halves
*Examples: unicellular forms and is rare in animals
*Spherical forms are best suited for floating and rolling

A

Spherical symmetry

75
Q

Animal Body Plans: Animal Symmetry:
* Body divided into similar halves by more than 2 planes passing through longitudinal axis
* Usually sessile, freely floating, or weakly swimming animals
* Examples: jellyfish, sea urchin
* No anterior or posterior end
* Can interact with environment in all directions

A

Radial symmetry

76
Q

Animal Body Plans: Animal Symmetry:
* Organism can be divided along a sagittal plane into two mirror portions
* Right and left halves
* Much better fitted for directional (forward) movement
* Example: Most vertebrates
* Associated with cephalization
* Differentiation of a head region with concentration of nervous tissue and sense organs (brain)

A

Bilateral Symmetry

77
Q

Animal Body Plans: Regions of bilaterally symmetrical animal: Head end

78
Q

Animal Body Plans: Regions of bilaterally symmetrical animal: Tail end

79
Q

Animal Body Plans: Regions of bilaterally symmetrical animal: Back side

80
Q

Animal Body Plans: Regions of bilaterally symmetrical animal: Front or belly side

81
Q

Animal Body Plans: Regions of bilaterally symmetrical animal: Midline of body

82
Q

Animal Body Plans: Regions of bilaterally symmetrical animal: Sides

83
Q

Animal Body Plans: Regions of bilaterally symmetrical animal: Parts farther from the middle of body

84
Q

Animal Body Plans: Regions of bilaterally symmetrical animal: Parts are nearer the middle of body

85
Q

Animal Body Plans: Regions of bilaterally symmetrical animal: Divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral halves

A

Frontal plane (coronal plane)

86
Q

Animal Body Plans: Regions of bilaterally symmetrical animal: Divides body into right and left halves

A

Sagittal plane

86
Q

Animal Body Plans: Regions of bilaterally symmetrical animal: Divides body into anterior and posterior portions

A

Transverse plane (cross section)

87
Q

Body Cavities: One mesoderm lined body cavity, gut cavity - no
coelom.

A

Acoelomate

88
Q

Body Cavities: 2 body cavities, gut and mesoderm lined cavity (false coelom)

A

Pseudocoelomate

89
Q

Body Cavities: have mesoderm lined coelom

A

Coelomates (Eucoelomate)

90
Q

Body Cavities: 3 body cavities, gut and 2 coelom cavities with mesoderm lining

A

Schizocoelous and Enterocoelous

91
Q

Body Cavities: Some animal have NO body cavities or mesoderm give examples

A

Sponge (no germ layers, no gut)
Cnidarians (gut, but no mesoderm)

92
Q

Developmental Origins in Triploblasts Body Plans: Triploblastic animals have 3 germ layers:

A

Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

93
Q

Developmental Origins in Triploblasts Body Plans: Diploblastic animals have 2 germ layers

A

Ectoderm, endoderm, no mesoderm

94
Q

A Complete Gut Design and Segmentation:
Serial repetition of similar body segments along longitudinal axis of body

A

Metamerism (Segmentation)

95
Q

A Complete Gut Design and Segmentation: In Metamerism, each segment is a _____ or _____

A

metamere or somites

96
Q

A Complete Gut Design and Segmentation: Metamerism permits ________________ and ______________

A

body mobility and complexity of structure and function

97
Q

A Complete Gut Design and Segmentation: Examples of organism who do Metamerism or Segmentation

A

Annelids, Arthropods, Chordates

General Zoology (3 decks)

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