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Bio 20 > The Circulatory System > Flashcards

The Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

The circulatory system is composed of what?

A

The heart

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2
Q

What 3 actions does the heart preform through blood vessels?

A

Transports nutrients, waste products and dissolved gases to and from tissues and organs as well as redistributing heat in the body

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3
Q

Why don’t unicellular organisms need a circulatory system?

A

They exchange matter directly through their environment through diffusion and active transport

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4
Q

The heart functions as two pumps that drives blood through separate circulatory systems. What are they?

A

Pulmonary circulation and systematic circulation

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5
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Blood pumped from the right side of the heart transports blood back and forth from the lungs to the heart.

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6
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Blood pumped from the left side of the heart transports blood to and from all other organs in the body such as the stomach and the kidneys.

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7
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

It’s a tissue made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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8
Q

What are arterioles?

A

branches or arteries with smaller diameter

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9
Q

What are capillaries?

A

thin (one cell thick) tubes, where the exchange or gasses, nutrients and waste occur

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10
Q

What are venules?

A

vessles at the end or capillary beds merge to form venules

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11
Q

What are veins formed of and what is their function?

A

Venules merge to form veins, return blood, towards the neart

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12
Q

What do semi-lunar valves do?

A

They prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles

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13
Q

What do A-V valves do?

A

They prevent backrow from ventricle into atrium

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14
Q

What are your heart sounds due to?

A

your heart sounds are due to the closing of A-V and semi-lunar valves

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15
Q

What is the “LUB” sound in your cardiac cycle due to?

A

The ventricles contracting forcing the closure of of the A-V valves. It’s louder than the “DUB”.

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16
Q

What is the “DUB” sound in your cardiac cycle due to?

A

The ventricles contact forcing the closure of the semi-lunar valves. It’s softer than the “LUB”.

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17
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

It’s the volume of blood the left ventricle pumps into the systemic circuit per minute

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18
Q

What factors affect cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume and heart rate

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19
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Quantity of blood pumped with each beat. ~ (170 mL/b)

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20
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute ~(70 bpm)

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21
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume
70 bpm x 70mL/1bpm = 4900 mL

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22
Q

What is the S.A. node?

A

Located in the space where the vena cava enters the right atrium it’s a bundle of nerves and muscle tissue that set the rate of the heart, aka the “pacemaker”. It initiates the nerve impulses to other cardiac muscles cells causing the atria to contract.

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23
Q

What does SA node stand for and what is its function?

A

sinoatrial node and it’s the “pacemaker”

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24
Q

What does the A.V node stand for?

A

atrial-ventricular

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25
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

between the right atrium + right ventricle (in the wall)

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26
Q

What is the AV nodes function?

A

• Conductor, passing nerve impulses along specialized tracks (bundle of His and purkinje Fibers) to the ventricles
• ensures atria are completely emply before ventricles contract (apex and upwards) Forcing blood toward the pulmonary artery and aorta.

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27
Q

What are electrocardiograms?

A

Impulses that travel through cardiac muscle produce electrical currents through body fluids to skin. These impulses are detected as an ECG.

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28
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Measure of the force blood exerts on the walls of a blood vessel.

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29
Q

What’s blood pressure measured in?

A

Millimeters of mercury
mm/Hg

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30
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

ventricles are contracted (systole). highest pressure in arteries

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31
Q

What is diostolic pressure?

A

ventricles are relaxed (diastole). Lowest pressure in arteries

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32
Q

What is blood pressure measured from?

A

from an artery; the pressure drops substantially by the time blood enters veins

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33
Q

How does blood return to the heart?

A

with the aid of steletal muscle contraction, squeezing the blood through venules; one way values allow blood flow in one direction

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34
Q

What is blood pressure determined by?

A

• Cardiac output - greater the cardiac output, the higher the bp
• vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles

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35
Q

What does constriction do?

A

recluces the diameter of arterioles, increase in BP

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36
Q

What does dilation do?

A

It increases the diameter of arterioles, decreasing BP

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37
Q

What is vasoconstriction and vasodilation regulated by?

A

Nerves and hormones

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38
Q

How much blood does the human body contain?

A

4-6 L

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39
Q

How much of your body mass does blood comprise of? (%)

A

8-9%

40
Q

What are the three components of plasma?

A

90% water
~7% plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibringen, prothrombin)
3% Substances that are beings transported from one part of the body to the other (nutrients, dissolved gases, metabolic wastes, hormones, vitamins, heat)

41
Q

What are red blood cells called?

A

Erythrocytes

42
Q

Where are erythrocytes produced?

A

In the spleen and marrow of long bones

43
Q

How many RBC are in a micro litre of blood?

A

5 million

44
Q

What is the shape of a erythrocyte?

A

Biconcave disk (thinner in the center than at the edges)

45
Q

True or false - red blood cells don’t contain nuclei or mitochondria

A

True

46
Q

What is a erythrocytes major function?

A

Carry oxygen

47
Q

What is hemoglobin (Hb) and how many molecules of it does each RBC contain?

A

It’s an oxygen carrying protein containing iron and each erythrocyte contains 250 million molecules

48
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

The complex formed when oxygen bonds to four iron molecules and attach to the folded protein structure of hemoglobin

49
Q

What makes blood red?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

50
Q

What is carbaminohemoglobin?

A

The complex formed when carbon dioxide binds hemoglobin

51
Q

What is the production of RBC controlled by?

A

A negative feedback mechanism directed by oxygen levels

52
Q

What will low oxygen levels stimulate?

A

RBC production in the bone marrow

53
Q

If an individual lives at high altitude will they have more or less RBC than and individual who does not? Why?

A

They will have more to compensate for lower oxygen levels in the atmosphere

54
Q

How long is the average lifespan of a RBC?

A

120 days

55
Q

What is the spleen and livers function?

A

Remove old RBCs and recycle their parts

56
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

57
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Balance within the body

58
Q

What are the 5 kinds of leucocytes?

A

Monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, cosinophils, and lymphocytes

59
Q

Where are leucocytes produced?

A

Marrow of long bones

60
Q

Can WBC leave the capillaries and travel in the tissues?

A

Yes

61
Q

What is the function of leucocytes?

A

Fight infections by phagocytosis or the specialization of B cells and T cells which produce the immune response

62
Q

Where do leucocytes spend most of their time?

A

Outside the circulatory system in the interstitial fluid and the lymphatic system where encounters with pathogens occur

63
Q

How big are platelets?

A

They’re fragments of cells about 2 - 3 µm

64
Q

Where are platelets produced?

A

In the bone marrow

65
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

5-10 days

66
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Clots blood with the help of proteins found in the blood plasma

67
Q

Do white blood cells contain nuclei?

A

Yes

68
Q

What is the largest blood component?

A

Leucocytes

69
Q

What is the liquid component of blood?

A

Plasma

70
Q

What is thrombus?

A

A blot clot that seals a blood vessel

71
Q

What is embolis?

A

A clot that has become dislodged and travels through the boy until it becomes lodged in a vessel too small for it to pass

72
Q

What’s hemophilia?

A

Blood doesn’t clot due to insufficient blood clotting proteins

73
Q

What is anemia caused by?

A

Too few red blood cells or too little hemoglobin inside red blood cells, reduced oxygen carrying ability of blood
May be caused by iron deficiency

74
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Cancer of leucocytes
Myeloid leukaemia- too many leukocytes but immature and unable to fight infection
Lymphoid leukaemia- cancer of the lymphocytes

75
Q

What is the marker on red blood cells called?

A

Glycoproteins (antigens)

76
Q

What is an antigen

A

An identification protein that can be used to determine if a substance is a foreign invader. If it is then it stimulates the creation of specific proteins called antibodies

77
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins produced to combat foreign invaders

78
Q

What happens when an antibody attaches to an antigen?

A

Causes the blood to clump (agglutinate)

79
Q

What are the four blood groups?

A

A,B,AB, O

80
Q

What blood group can accept blood from any group? (Universal acceptor)

A

AB has both A and B antigens and produces no antibodies

81
Q

What blood group is considered to be the universal donor?

A

Type O contains no antigens and produces both A and B antibodies

82
Q

What is the Rhesus factor?

A

A protein that may be present on a red blood cell.

83
Q

What percentage of North Americans have the factor on they erythrocytes?

A

85%

84
Q

What does it mean if a person is Rh+? -?

A

Positive means they have the antigen, negative means they do not.

85
Q

What type of blood can Rh + people receive?

A

Rh+ or Rh-

86
Q

What type of blood can Rh- receive?

A

Only Rh-

87
Q

What is the first line of defense against infection?

A

Barriers that prevent the pathogen from entering the body such as tears, sweat, skin, stomach acid, eyelashes, ear wax, cilia lining bronchioles

88
Q

What is the second line of defense when fighting infection?

A

One the pathogen has entered the body a general mechanism occurs where increased blood flow at the site of infection causes an inflammatory response

89
Q

What is the third line of defence?

A

It’s the immune response. It’s a specific response built up against every invading pathogen

90
Q

What does a macrophage do?

A

It’s a type of white blood cell that ingests the foreign invader and presents the foreign antigen on its surface

91
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

Recognize the antigen as a foreign invader and activates the B cells (made in bone marrow)

92
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Produce proteins called antibodies and killer T cells which directly kill cancer or infected host cells

93
Q

What happens once the infection is under control?

A

Suppressor T cells signals the B cells and killer T cells to stop multiplying

94
Q

What do memory B cells and memory T cells do?

A

Remain to remember the invader and to allow for a faster immune response if the body is exposed to the same foreign antigen, this leads to the development of immunity

95
Q

How long do memory T and B cells last?

A

4-6 months

96
Q

How long does it take the immune response if memory B cells and memory T cells haven’t yet been exposed?

A

5-10 days which gets shortened to 3-5 days once exposed

97
Q

What is elephantiasis?

A

Disease caused by a parasite that disrupts the proper functioning or the lymphatic system

Bio 20 (9 decks)

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