The Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems Flashcards
Arteries are blood vessels with thick and elastic walls. Most arteries carry [___] blood from the heart to all organs and tissues of the body. The [__] artery is an exception. It carries deoxygenated blood.
oxygenated - pulmonary
Arteries are characterized by [__] and [__] walls to withstand the high pressure of blood pumped by the heart and to avoid bursting.
strong - thick
Arterial walls are also equipped with layers of [__] fibers, which allow arteries to [__] and recoil as blood is forced into them when the heart contracts.
elastic - stretch
The [___] bring blood close to body cells in order to supply them with oxygen and nutrients and to carry away their waste materials, such as carbon dioxide.
capillaries
The three structural features of capillaries that make them well adapted to perform their function.
❥ The capillary walls are very thin just [__ __] thick.
❥ Capillaries are large enough to let red blood cells pass into the [__] one cell at a time. This results in a slow blood flow inside these [__ __] and gives enough time for the movement of materials to and from body tissues.
❥ Capillary walls have small spaces between their cells, which allow substances to [__ __]. This facilitates the exchange of materials with body [__].
❥ Capillaries form a dense branching network called capillary [__] inside organs to ensure that all cells in the organs are near a capillary.
❥ one cell
❥ capillary - blood vessels
❥ leak out - tissues
❥ beds
Most veins carry [___] blood towards the heart.
deoxygenated
Describe two structural features of veins that facilitate blood flow in these vessels.
❥ Veins have [__] walls than arteries as the blood in veins flows at a lower pressure.
❥ Veins have a [__] lumen than arteries. This offers little resistance to the flow of blood.
❥ Veins are less [__] than arteries. The veins are not susceptible to bursting as the blood flows at a lower pressure.
❥ Veins have [__ __] to maintain the flow of blood in one direction.
❥ Skeletal muscle contraction aids [__ __] in veins.
❥thinner ❥larger ❥elastic ❥pocket valves ❥blood flow
The [__] vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart (left atrium).
pulmonary
The [__] artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
pulmonary
Cardiac muscle is described as [__] because it initiates its own contraction and does not rely on [__] stimulation.
myogenic - nervous
Cardiac muscles can keep contracting and relaxing throughout a person’s life with a normally high ability to [__] muscle fatigue.
resist
The [__] carries blood at the highest pressure.
aorta
The cardiac muscle is [__] in the atria than in the ventricles. This is because more pressure is needed for the blood in the [__] to be pumped out to the body organs. The [__] need only to pump blood into the ventricles below.
thinner - ventricles - atria
The cardiac muscle is thicker in the [__] ventricle than in the right ventricle because more pressure is needed to pump blood to all body parts. The [__] ventricle only pumps blood to the [__].
left - right - lungs
When the pressure in the right ventricle is [__] than the pressure in the right atrium, the tricuspid valve [__], preventing the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium.
greater - shuts
When the pressure in the right ventricle is [__] than the pressure in the right atrium, the tricuspid valves [__], allowing the flow of blood from the right atrium into the right ventricle.
less - open
Semi-lunar valves allow the flow of blood from ventricles to [__] from the [__] ventricle into the pulmonary artery and from the [__] ventricle into the aorta.
arteries - right - left
When the pressure in the ventricles is [__] than the pressure in the [__] the semilunar valves [__], allowing blood to flow from the ventricles into the arteries.
greater - arteries - open
When the pressure in the ventricles is [__] than the pressure in the arteries the valves [__], preventing the backflow of blood from arteries to ventricles:
- The pulmonary semilunar valve located at the [__] of the pulmonary artery prevents the backflow of blood from the [__] artery to the [__] ventricle.
- The aortic semilunar valve located at the [__] of the aorta prevents the backflow of blood from the [__] to the [__] ventricle.
less - close
base - pulmonary - right
base - aorta - left
❥ The renal artery carries [__] blood to the kidneys. It branches out from the [__].
❥ The renal vein carries [__] blood away from the kidneys. It will eventually empty into the [__ __].
❥ The hepatic artery carries [__] blood to the [__]. It branches out from the aorta.
❥ The hepatic vein carries [__] blood away from the liver. It will eventually [__] into the vena cava.
❥ The pulmonary artery carries [__] blood from the [__] to the [__].
❥ The pulmonary vein carries [__] blood away from the lungs to the [__].
❥ oxygenated - aorta ❥ deoxygenated - vena cava ❥ oxygenated - liver ❥ deoxygenated - empty ❥ deoxygenated - heart - lungs ❥ oxygenated - heart
Cardiac cycle is the sequence of [__] that occur during each [__].
events - heartbeat
At the beginning of a heartbeat or heart diastole:
The cardiac muscles of the atria and ventricles are [__].
The atrio-ventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid valves) are [__].
Blood enters the [__]. The atria fill with blood from the venae cava and [__] veins.
Semi-lunar valves at the base of the arteries are [__].
relaxed
open
heart - pulmonary
closed
During [__ __]:
Muscles in the atria contract to squeeze more blood into [__].
Ventricles are [__].
Valves in veins supplying blood to the atria will [__].
Atrio-ventricular valves [__].
Blood fills the [__].
Semilunar valves at the base of the aorta and pulmonary artery are still [__].
atrial systole ventricles relaxed close open ventricles closed
During [\_\_\_ \_\_\_]: The ventricles [\_\_]. The atria [\_\_]. Atrio-ventricular valves [\_\_]. Semilunar valves at the base of the aorta and pulmonary artery [\_\_]. Blood is [\_\_] into the arteries.
ventricular systole contract relax close open forced
Blood is transported from the vena cava to the lungs in the following steps:
Blood enters the heart at the [__] atrium.
Then the atrium [__], and the atrio-ventricular valves [__].
This causes blood to pass into the [__] ventricle.
Then the ventricles [__], and the semilunar valves [__].
This causes blood to pass from the pulmonary artery to the [__].
right contracts - open right contract - open lungs
During physical activity, more [__ __] is released into the blood as a result of the increased rate of cellular respiration in the [__ __].
This causes a drop in blood [__].
The brain senses this and sends nervous impulses to the [___] of the heart to [__] heart rate.
carbon dioxide - skeletal muscles
pH
pacemaker - accelerate
During physical activity muscles need more [__], which is provided by the process of [___].
As a result of aerobic respiration [___] gas is used up and [__ __] accumulates in the blood.
During the physical activity, the pulse rate and the force of contraction of the heart [___] to supply more [__] and glucose to the skeletal muscles and to
allow the rapid removal of [__ __].
energy - respiration
oxygen - carbon dioxide
increases - oxygen - carbon dioxide
Because blood passes twice through the heart during one complete cycle in the body, humans are said to have a [__] circulation, which involves the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs or [___] circulation, and the movement of blood between the heart and the organs or [___] circulation.
double - pulmonary - systemic
Blood moves at a higher pressure and speed in a double circulation compared to a single circulation. This is an advantage to organisms which have very metabolically [__ __] that require a high and quick oxygen supply. Therefore, oxygen delivery is more efficient in a [__] circulatory system than in a [__] one.
active tissues - double - single
What does the role of the phagocyte cell?
It engulfs pathogens and destroys them by phagocytosis.
What does the role of the lymphocyte cell?
Cells of acquired immune system. T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells while B-lymphocytes become plasma cells that produce antibodies.
What does the role of the red blood cell?
Transportation of oxygen.
What does the role of the platelet cell?
Blood clotting.
Red blood cells have a [__] cell membrane allowing them to pass through narrow blood vessels.
Red blood cells have no [__] or organelles allowing more space for the oxygen carrying pigment [__].
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which is the oxygen carrying pigment composed of [__] and [__].
Red blood cells have a [__] shape, thereby increasing the surface area for the transport of oxygen into and out of the cell.
Red blood cells are broken down in the [__] and [__] when damaged.
flexible nucleus - hemoglobin protein - iron biconcave liver - spleen
The blood is oxygenated in the [__] where oxygen concentration is high. Therefore, blood leaving the lungs is full of oxygen.
The iron in the hemoglobin of red blood cells combines with oxygen to form [___].
[__] blood has a bright red color. This explains why blood in the arteries is mostly bright red, as most arteries carry oxygenated blood.
lungs
oxyhemoglobin
Oxygenated
White blood cells fight off pathogens by secreting Y-shaped proteins called [___] or through the process of [___].
antibodies - phagocytosis
The two types of white blood cells are [__] and [__].
phagocytes - lymphocytes
Phagocytes are [__] that destroy pathogens by phagocytosis. They engulf then ingest pathogens or foreign particles.
leukocytes
The lymphocytes manufacture specific antibodies in response to [__] on the surface of specific pathogens. The antibodies prevent the pathogen from harming the body by [__] the bacteria together.
antigens - clumping
Small cell fragments that lack nuclei and clump at the site of an injury to help plug the injured blood vessel are called [__].
platelets
Describe briefly how platelets are involved in blood clot formation following an injury.
Following a cut in blood vessels, platelets become [__].
Activated platelets [__] at the site of injury.
The activated platelets release [__] that initiate a set of chemical reactions which, in turn, activate a number of clotting factors.
Eventually, this results in the conversion of the soluble [__ __] fibrinogen
into insoluble [__].
The fibrin form [__] and start to trap the clumped platelets and some leaking red blood cells in a web or a mesh, leading to the formation of a [__ __].
activated clump chemicals plasma protein - fibrin strands - blood clot
The yellowish liquid component of blood is called [__], which transports dissolved substances such as nutrients, [__ __], hormones, carbon dioxide and [__].
plasma - plasma proteins - urea
List the sequence of events causing CHD that leads to a heart attack.
Fats are deposited in the [__] arteries forming atheroma.
The arteries become [__] and less elastic.
The blood supply to the cardiac muscle will therefore be [__]. The segment of the cardiac muscle nourished by these arteries runs out of oxygen and stops
[__].
Pain in the chest termed [__] will result. This is a warning sign that should not be ignored.
The [__] surface caused by the atheroma causes turbulence in the flow of blood and an internal blood clot known as a [__] results.
The [__] will not receive blood with nutrients such as glucose or oxygen and a heart attack or [__] infarction results.
If not treated immediately can lead to [__].
coronary narrow reduced - contracting angina rough - thrombus ventricles - myocardial death
Risk factors of atherosclerosis and CHD include
hypertension,
abnormally high [__] levels in the blood
an unhealthy diet rich in [__] fats,
gender (males generally have a higher risk than females),
[__],
lack of [__],
obesity,
excessive long-term [__],
[__] factors,
and advanced age.
cholesterol saturated smoking exercise stress hereditary
Bypass surgery [__] blood flow around a section of a blocked [__] artery. A healthy blood vessel is taken from the arm or leg and connected to other arteries in the heart to [__] blood in the heart around the blocked [__].
diverts - coronary - bypass - artery
Angioplasty is a surgical procedure that [__] involves inserting and inflating a tiny [__] to help widen narrowed or clogged [__].
After the balloon angioplasty, a [__] stent is placed in the artery to keep it open and to prevent it from collapsing or narrowing again.
temporarily - balloon - arteries - metal
Among the most prescribed drugs for the treatment of CHD are [__], which are drugs that lower blood cholesterol levels. Drugs that help regulate blood pressure, such as [__ __], and drugs that inhibits blood clots that form when platelets clump together, such as [__].
statins - beta blockers - aspirin
If the wrong type of blood is given in a transfusion, antibodies in the recipient’s plasma will bind to [__] on the donor’s red blood cells. This will cause the red blood cells to [__], or clump together. Consequently, blood vessels could get [__] by the agglutinated red blood cells; this is a very serious medical condition, which can be fatal.
antigens - agglutinate - clogged
Blood group A may donate blood to Blood groups A and []. Blood group A may receive blood from blood groups [] and A.
Blood group B may donate blood to blood groups B and AB. Blood group B may receive blood from blood groups [] and B.
Blood group AB may donate blood to blood group AB. Blood group AB may receive blood from blood groups [], [], [], AB as blood group AB is the universal [__].
Blood group O may donate blood to blood groups A, B, O and AB as blood group O is the universal [__]. Blood group O may receive blood from blood group O.
AB - O
O
O - A - B - recipient
donor
Explain the formation of tissue fluid and its subsequent return to the blood.
As blood passes through the blood [__] some of the blood plasma filters out under high pressure.
Blood cells and [__] are too large to pass out.
The filtered plasma that bathes the cells is called [__ __].
Tissue fluid supplies [__], mineral ions and [__] to the cells.
Most of the tissue fluid returns to the blood at the [__] end of the capillary bed.
Some of the tissue fluid is drained from the tissues by the [__] system. Once inside the lymphatic vessels the tissue fluid is called [__].
The lymph rejoins the blood when lymphatic vessels empty into the blood at the [__] vein near the heart.
capillaries proteins tissue fluid oxygen - nutrients venous - lymphatic - lymph subclavian
