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Biology > The Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems > Flashcards

The Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Arteries are blood vessels with thick and elastic walls. Most arteries carry [___] blood from the heart to all organs and tissues of the body. The [__] artery is an exception. It carries deoxygenated blood.

A

oxygenated - pulmonary

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2
Q

Arteries are characterized by [__] and [__] walls to withstand the high pressure of blood pumped by the heart and to avoid bursting.

A

strong - thick

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3
Q

Arterial walls are also equipped with layers of [__] fibers, which allow arteries to [__] and recoil as blood is forced into them when the heart contracts.

A

elastic - stretch

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4
Q

The [___] bring blood close to body cells in order to supply them with oxygen and nutrients and to carry away their waste materials, such as carbon dioxide.

A

capillaries

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5
Q

The three structural features of capillaries that make them well adapted to perform their function.
❥ The capillary walls are very thin just [__ __] thick.
❥ Capillaries are large enough to let red blood cells pass into the [__] one cell at a time. This results in a slow blood flow inside these [__ __] and gives enough time for the movement of materials to and from body tissues.
❥ Capillary walls have small spaces between their cells, which allow substances to [__ __]. This facilitates the exchange of materials with body [__].
❥ Capillaries form a dense branching network called capillary [__] inside organs to ensure that all cells in the organs are near a capillary.

A

❥ one cell
❥ capillary - blood vessels
❥ leak out - tissues
❥ beds

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6
Q

Most veins carry [___] blood towards the heart.

A

deoxygenated

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7
Q

Describe two structural features of veins that facilitate blood flow in these vessels.
❥ Veins have [__] walls than arteries as the blood in veins flows at a lower pressure.
❥ Veins have a [__] lumen than arteries. This offers little resistance to the flow of blood.
❥ Veins are less [__] than arteries. The veins are not susceptible to bursting as the blood flows at a lower pressure.
❥ Veins have [__ __] to maintain the flow of blood in one direction.
❥ Skeletal muscle contraction aids [__ __] in veins.

A 
❥thinner
❥larger
❥elastic
❥pocket valves
❥blood flow
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8
Q

The [__] vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart (left atrium).

A

pulmonary

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9
Q

The [__] artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

A

pulmonary

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10
Q

Cardiac muscle is described as [__] because it initiates its own contraction and does not rely on [__] stimulation.

A

myogenic - nervous

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11
Q

Cardiac muscles can keep contracting and relaxing throughout a person’s life with a normally high ability to [__] muscle fatigue.

A

resist

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12
Q

The [__] carries blood at the highest pressure.

A

aorta

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13
Q

The cardiac muscle is [__] in the atria than in the ventricles. This is because more pressure is needed for the blood in the [__] to be pumped out to the body organs. The [__] need only to pump blood into the ventricles below.

A

thinner - ventricles - atria

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14
Q

The cardiac muscle is thicker in the [__] ventricle than in the right ventricle because more pressure is needed to pump blood to all body parts. The [__] ventricle only pumps blood to the [__].

A

left - right - lungs

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15
Q

When the pressure in the right ventricle is [__] than the pressure in the right atrium, the tricuspid valve [__], preventing the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium.

A

greater - shuts

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16
Q

When the pressure in the right ventricle is [__] than the pressure in the right atrium, the tricuspid valves [__], allowing the flow of blood from the right atrium into the right ventricle.

A

less - open

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17
Q

Semi-lunar valves allow the flow of blood from ventricles to [__] from the [__] ventricle into the pulmonary artery and from the [__] ventricle into the aorta.

A

arteries - right - left

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18
Q

When the pressure in the ventricles is [__] than the pressure in the [__] the semilunar valves [__], allowing blood to flow from the ventricles into the arteries.

A

greater - arteries - open

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19
Q

When the pressure in the ventricles is [__] than the pressure in the arteries the valves [__], preventing the backflow of blood from arteries to ventricles:

  • The pulmonary semilunar valve located at the [__] of the pulmonary artery prevents the backflow of blood from the [__] artery to the [__] ventricle.
  • The aortic semilunar valve located at the [__] of the aorta prevents the backflow of blood from the [__] to the [__] ventricle.
A

less - close
base - pulmonary - right
base - aorta - left

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20
Q

❥ The renal artery carries [__] blood to the kidneys. It branches out from the [__].
❥ The renal vein carries [__] blood away from the kidneys. It will eventually empty into the [__ __].
❥ The hepatic artery carries [__] blood to the [__]. It branches out from the aorta.
❥ The hepatic vein carries [__] blood away from the liver. It will eventually [__] into the vena cava.
❥ The pulmonary artery carries [__] blood from the [__] to the [__].
❥ The pulmonary vein carries [__] blood away from the lungs to the [__].

A 
❥ oxygenated - aorta
❥ deoxygenated - vena cava
❥ oxygenated - liver 
❥ deoxygenated - empty
❥ deoxygenated - heart - lungs
❥ oxygenated - heart
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21
Q

Cardiac cycle is the sequence of [__] that occur during each [__].

A

events - heartbeat

22
Q

At the beginning of a heartbeat or heart diastole:
 The cardiac muscles of the atria and ventricles are [__].
 The atrio-ventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid valves) are [__].
 Blood enters the [__]. The atria fill with blood from the venae cava and [__] veins.
 Semi-lunar valves at the base of the arteries are [__].

A

relaxed
open
heart - pulmonary
closed

23
Q

During [__ __]:
 Muscles in the atria contract to squeeze more blood into [__].
 Ventricles are [__].
 Valves in veins supplying blood to the atria will [__].
 Atrio-ventricular valves [__].
 Blood fills the [__].
 Semilunar valves at the base of the aorta and pulmonary artery are still [__].

A 
atrial systole
ventricles
relaxed
close
open
ventricles
closed
24
Q 
During [\_\_\_ \_\_\_]:
 The ventricles [\_\_].
 The atria [\_\_].
 Atrio-ventricular valves [\_\_].
 Semilunar valves at the base of the aorta and pulmonary artery [\_\_].
 Blood is [\_\_] into the arteries.
A 
ventricular systole
contract
relax
close
open
forced
25
Q

Blood is transported from the vena cava to the lungs in the following steps:
 Blood enters the heart at the [__] atrium.
 Then the atrium [__], and the atrio-ventricular valves [__].
 This causes blood to pass into the [__] ventricle.
 Then the ventricles [__], and the semilunar valves [__].
 This causes blood to pass from the pulmonary artery to the [__].

A 
right
contracts - open
right
contract - open
lungs
26
Q

During physical activity, more [__ __] is released into the blood as a result of the increased rate of cellular respiration in the [__ __].
 This causes a drop in blood [__].
 The brain senses this and sends nervous impulses to the [___] of the heart to [__] heart rate.

A

carbon dioxide - skeletal muscles
pH
pacemaker - accelerate

27
Q

During physical activity muscles need more [__], which is provided by the process of [___].
 As a result of aerobic respiration [___] gas is used up and [__ __] accumulates in the blood.
 During the physical activity, the pulse rate and the force of contraction of the heart [___] to supply more [__] and glucose to the skeletal muscles and to
allow the rapid removal of [__ __].

A

energy - respiration
oxygen - carbon dioxide
increases - oxygen - carbon dioxide

28
Q

Because blood passes twice through the heart during one complete cycle in the body, humans are said to have a [__] circulation, which involves the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs or [___] circulation, and the movement of blood between the heart and the organs or [___] circulation.

A

double - pulmonary - systemic

29
Q

Blood moves at a higher pressure and speed in a double circulation compared to a single circulation. This is an advantage to organisms which have very metabolically [__ __] that require a high and quick oxygen supply. Therefore, oxygen delivery is more efficient in a [__] circulatory system than in a [__] one.

A

active tissues - double - single

30
Q

What does the role of the phagocyte cell?

A

It engulfs pathogens and destroys them by phagocytosis.

31
Q

What does the role of the lymphocyte cell?

A

Cells of acquired immune system. T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells while B-lymphocytes become plasma cells that produce antibodies.

32
Q

What does the role of the red blood cell?

A

Transportation of oxygen.

33
Q

What does the role of the platelet cell?

A

Blood clotting.

34
Q

Red blood cells have a [__] cell membrane allowing them to pass through narrow blood vessels.
 Red blood cells have no [__] or organelles allowing more space for the oxygen carrying pigment [__].
 Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which is the oxygen carrying pigment composed of [__] and [__].
 Red blood cells have a [__] shape, thereby increasing the surface area for the transport of oxygen into and out of the cell.
 Red blood cells are broken down in the [__] and [__] when damaged.

A 
flexible
nucleus - hemoglobin
protein - iron
biconcave
liver - spleen
35
Q

The blood is oxygenated in the [__] where oxygen concentration is high. Therefore, blood leaving the lungs is full of oxygen.
 The iron in the hemoglobin of red blood cells combines with oxygen to form [___].
 [__] blood has a bright red color. This explains why blood in the arteries is mostly bright red, as most arteries carry oxygenated blood.

A

lungs
oxyhemoglobin
Oxygenated

36
Q

White blood cells fight off pathogens by secreting Y-shaped proteins called [___] or through the process of [___].

A

antibodies - phagocytosis

37
Q

The two types of white blood cells are [__] and [__].

A

phagocytes - lymphocytes

38
Q

Phagocytes are [__] that destroy pathogens by phagocytosis. They engulf then ingest pathogens or foreign particles.

A

leukocytes

39
Q

The lymphocytes manufacture specific antibodies in response to [__] on the surface of specific pathogens. The antibodies prevent the pathogen from harming the body by [__] the bacteria together.

A

antigens - clumping

40
Q

Small cell fragments that lack nuclei and clump at the site of an injury to help plug the injured blood vessel are called [__].

A

platelets

41
Q

Describe briefly how platelets are involved in blood clot formation following an injury.
 Following a cut in blood vessels, platelets become [__].
 Activated platelets [__] at the site of injury.
 The activated platelets release [__] that initiate a set of chemical reactions which, in turn, activate a number of clotting factors.
 Eventually, this results in the conversion of the soluble [__ __] fibrinogen
into insoluble [__].
 The fibrin form [__] and start to trap the clumped platelets and some leaking red blood cells in a web or a mesh, leading to the formation of a [__ __].

A 
activated
clump
chemicals
plasma protein - fibrin 
strands - blood clot
42
Q

The yellowish liquid component of blood is called [__], which transports dissolved substances such as nutrients, [__ __], hormones, carbon dioxide and [__].

A

plasma - plasma proteins - urea

43
Q

List the sequence of events causing CHD that leads to a heart attack.
 Fats are deposited in the [__] arteries forming atheroma.
 The arteries become [__] and less elastic.
 The blood supply to the cardiac muscle will therefore be [__]. The segment of the cardiac muscle nourished by these arteries runs out of oxygen and stops
[__].
 Pain in the chest termed [__] will result. This is a warning sign that should not be ignored.
 The [__] surface caused by the atheroma causes turbulence in the flow of blood and an internal blood clot known as a [__] results.
 The [__] will not receive blood with nutrients such as glucose or oxygen and a heart attack or [__] infarction results.
 If not treated immediately can lead to [__].

A 
coronary
narrow 
reduced - contracting
angina
rough - thrombus 
ventricles - myocardial
death
44
Q

Risk factors of atherosclerosis and CHD include
 hypertension,
 abnormally high [__] levels in the blood
 an unhealthy diet rich in [__] fats,
 gender (males generally have a higher risk than females),
 [__],
 lack of [__],
 obesity,
 excessive long-term [__],
 [__] factors,
 and advanced age.

A 
cholesterol
saturated
smoking
exercise
stress
hereditary
45
Q

Bypass surgery [__] blood flow around a section of a blocked [__] artery. A healthy blood vessel is taken from the arm or leg and connected to other arteries in the heart to [__] blood in the heart around the blocked [__].

A

diverts - coronary - bypass - artery

46
Q

Angioplasty is a surgical procedure that [__] involves inserting and inflating a tiny [__] to help widen narrowed or clogged [__].
After the balloon angioplasty, a [__] stent is placed in the artery to keep it open and to prevent it from collapsing or narrowing again.

A

temporarily - balloon - arteries - metal

47
Q

Among the most prescribed drugs for the treatment of CHD are [__], which are drugs that lower blood cholesterol levels. Drugs that help regulate blood pressure, such as [__ __], and drugs that inhibits blood clots that form when platelets clump together, such as [__].

A

statins - beta blockers - aspirin

48
Q

If the wrong type of blood is given in a transfusion, antibodies in the recipient’s plasma will bind to [__] on the donor’s red blood cells. This will cause the red blood cells to [__], or clump together. Consequently, blood vessels could get [__] by the agglutinated red blood cells; this is a very serious medical condition, which can be fatal.

A

antigens - agglutinate - clogged

49
Q

Blood group A may donate blood to Blood groups A and []. Blood group A may receive blood from blood groups [] and A.
 Blood group B may donate blood to blood groups B and AB. Blood group B may receive blood from blood groups [] and B.
 Blood group AB may donate blood to blood group AB. Blood group AB may receive blood from blood groups [], [], [], AB as blood group AB is the universal [__].
 Blood group O may donate blood to blood groups A, B, O and AB as blood group O is the universal [__]. Blood group O may receive blood from blood group O.

A

AB - O
O
O - A - B - recipient
donor

50
Q

Explain the formation of tissue fluid and its subsequent return to the blood.
 As blood passes through the blood [__] some of the blood plasma filters out under high pressure.
 Blood cells and [__] are too large to pass out.
 The filtered plasma that bathes the cells is called [__ __].
 Tissue fluid supplies [__], mineral ions and [__] to the cells.
 Most of the tissue fluid returns to the blood at the [__] end of the capillary bed.
Some of the tissue fluid is drained from the tissues by the [__] system. Once inside the lymphatic vessels the tissue fluid is called [__].
 The lymph rejoins the blood when lymphatic vessels empty into the blood at the [__] vein near the heart.

A 
capillaries 
proteins
tissue fluid
oxygen - nutrients
venous - lymphatic - lymph
subclavian

Biology (8 decks)

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