Nutrition in Humans Flashcards
Food contains proteins, fats and carbohydrates that are broken down during the process of [_____ _____] to release energy to be used by the body.
cellular respiration
An organism’s [__] refers to the kinds of foods that the organism regularly consumes.
diet
[___] are animals which feed on plants only.
Herbivores
[___] are animals which feed on other animals.
Carnivores
[___] are animals which feed on both plants and animals.
Omnivores
The chemical substances that are consumed as parts of an organism’s diet and play
important physiological functions in the body are called [___].
nutrients
The intake and subsequent absorption of [____] (organic material and mineral salts) by an organism for [___] production, [___], [____], [___] repair and other vital processes is referred to as [___].
nutrients - energy - growth - development - tissue - nutrition
[___] and [___] are two units used to measure the amount of energy stored in food.
Kilojoules - calories
One [___] is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere.
calorie
[__] provides the most energy of all the nutrients: one gram of fat contains about
[__] as much energy as one gram of carbohydrates or protein.
Fat - twice
Starch and sugars are two types of [___] that can be obtained from food. [__] are found in fruits, vegetables, and some animal products such as milk and honey. [__] is only present in food types of plant origin such as potatoes. In general, foods that constitute a major component of our diet are called [__] foods and include foods rich in [__].
carbohydrates - Sugars - Starch - staple - starch
Carbohydrates constitute a major [__] source. During digestion, starch and most of the sugars present in food are broken down into [__] which is the main substance of cellular [___] and it is used by cells as an immediate source of energy.
energy - glucose - respiration
The storage form of glucose in muscle and liver cells is [___].
glycogen
The short term energy storage form of glucose in animals is [___].
glycogen
The long term energy storage form of glucose in animals is [__].
fats
The storage form of glucose in plants is [__].
starch
[___] is the carbohydrate found in dietary fiber. It is present in the cell walls of plant cells.
Cellulose
Foods rich in fiber include [___], [__ __ __], [__ __ __], [__ __ __], [__], [__ __ __] (NOT white bread), [__] and fresh [__]. [___ ___] are poor in fiber.
vegetables - whole cereal grains - whole meal oats - whole meal wheat - nuts - whole meal bread - bran - fruit - Refined cereals
Refined cereals contain much less [__] than whole meal cereals because the refinement process usually involves the removal of the [__], the outer covering of the cereal grain.
fiber - bran
Wholemeal cereals contain more [__] than refined cereals.
fibers
Brown bread contains more [__] than white bread.
fibers
Brown bread is made of [__] wheat grains. White bread is made from [__]
wheat grains.
whole. refined
It is important to have a diet rich in [____] in order to maintain a healthy digestive system and to decrease the risk for many bowel diseases like [___] and [__ __].
dietary fiber/roughage - constipation - colon cancer
Dietary fiber or roughage is the undigested [___] of plants.
cellulose
Cellulose is a polysaccharide that forms the [__ __] of plant cells.
cell wall
Dietary fiber keeps the [____] healthy.
colon/digestive system
Dietary fiber helps in exercising bowel muscles, promoting [___] and preventing [___].
peristalsis - constipation
Dietary fiber prevents bowel [__].
cancer
Dietary fiber retains [__] to keep feces soft.
water
Dietary fiber prevents [__].
obesity
[___] is a form of malnutrition as the diet is lacking dietary [____]. Constipation occurs when the movement of food along the alimentary canal is [__] making defecation difficult.
Constipation - fiber/roughage - slow
[___] fats are usually solids at room temperature and are usually of animal
origin.
Saturated
[___] fats are generally liquids at room temperature and are usually of
plant origin.
Unsaturated
White meat (chicken meat and fish) contain more [\_\_\_] fats and less [\_\_\_] fats than red meat.
unsaturated - saturated
Red meat contain more [___] fats and less [___] fats than white meat.
saturated - unsaturated
Vegetable oils are mostly made of [___] fats.
unsaturated
[___] fats contain fatty acids that lack double bonds between the carbon atoms.
Saturated
[____] fats contain fatty acids with at least on carbon-carbon double bond.
Unsaturated
Lipids are used as a source of [__] once the carbohydrates have been depleted.
energy
Lipids are water [___] and can be stored inside the cell without altering its [___]
potential and drawing water into the cell. This is why fats are considered to be [__ __ __ __ __].
insoluble - osmotic - long term
energy storage molecules
Fats are stored in adipose tissue under the skin thus they [___] the body, and help
reduce heat loss.
insulate
Lipids are essential component of the [___], such as the nuclear [___].
membranes - membrane
Some steroids function as [___].
hormones
Lipids provide [___] for internal organs (e.g. kidneys) from injury and shock.
protection
Fats are commonly stored in the [___] tissue under the skin forming an insulating layer that reduces [__] loss from the body. Otherwise they can be converted into [__] and stored around the kidney or under the [__].
adipose - heat - fats - skin
The building blocks of [___] are [__ __].
proteins - amino acids
There are [_] different types of amino acids. [__] of them cannot be synthesized by the body and are called the [___] amino acids.
21 - Nine - essential
[__ __], [__], [___], [__] and [__] products are important animal sources of essential amino acids.
Red meat - fish - poultry - eggs - dairy
Food types of plant origin such as [__], peas, and [___] also contain some essential amino acids.
beans - peas - peanuts
Proteins are important for making new [__], which are needed for [___] and [___] of body [___] such as muscles, blood, cartilage and bones.
cells - growth - repair - tissues
Proteins are also important in making vital molecules such as [____] and [___].
antibodies - enzymes
[__] and [__] are largely made of proteins.
Hair - nails
Proteins serve as an [___] source once the carbohydrates and lipids have been depleted only in the last stages of [___].
energy - starvation
Excess amino acids are not [__] in the body, they are broken down by a process known as [____] in the [__] and converted into carbohydrates (glycogen) and ammonia.
stored - deamination - liver
The excess amino acids are converted into [____] to be used in [____] to release [___].
carbohydrates - respiration - energy
The excess amino acids are converted into [___] which is converted into [__] and excreted in the urine.
ammonia - urea
Examples of foods rich in calcium include dairy products [__], [___] and [___], fish and some green leafy vegetables.
milk - cheese - yoghurt
Calcium strengthens the [__] and [__].
bones - teeth
Calcium is essential for [__] contraction and [__] impulse transmission.
muscle - nerve
Calcium ions present in blood plasma play an important role in the process of [__ __].
blood clotting
[___] is the disease caused by inadequate calcium in the diet. The bones will be [__] and brittle.
Rickets - weak
A diet deficient in [__] would result in fragile bones, weak teeth and poor blood clotting.
calcium
Red meat, dark green leafy vegetables, lentils and beans are all rich sources of [__] which is needed for the formation of [____].
iron - hemoglobin
Examples of foods rich in iron include red [__] (liver and kidney), [__], beans, [__], groundnuts, bread, [___] and other dark green leafy vegetables.
meat - eggs - lentils - spinach
Iron is important for the formation of [____] which is an [___]-carrying pigment in red blood cells.
hemoglobin - oxygen
Iron is also needed for the proper functioning of [___] and some [___] in the body.
muscles - enzymes
Shortage of iron results in [___]. Insufficient amount of hemoglobin is made and the [__] carrying capacity of the blood is reduced making an anemic person look [__] and feel [__]. Other symptoms include lack of energy, shortness of [___], and heart [____].
anemia - oxygen - pale - tired - breath - palpitations
The sources of vitamin C include fresh citrus fruits such as [___], [___], [____]. Vitamin C can also be found in [___] and [___]. It is a water-soluble vitamin.
oranges - lemons - grapefruit - tomatoes - cabbage
Vitamin C is important because it helps make proteins that are involved in the formation of [__], [___], [____], and blood vessels.
skin - tendons - ligaments
Vitamin C is involved in the synthesis of [___]; a protein that helps keep the skin firm and resilient.
collagen
Vitamin C helps maintain healthy [__] and [__].
skin - gums
Vitamin C is needed for tissue repair and proper functioning of the [___ ___]
immune system
Deficiency of vitamin C leads to [___] that is characterized by a bleeding
gums, wounds that do not heal properly and joints pain.
scurvy
Vitamin D is found in [___], milk, [___], [__ __], and [__] meat. Vitamin D is also made by the [__] in the [__]. It is a fat-soluble vitamin.
butter - cheese - egg yolk - red - skin - sun
Vitamin D is needed for hardening of the [__] and [__].
bones - teeth
Vitamin D aids in the uptake of [___] by the intestine.
calcium
Deficiency of vitamin D is caused by a lack of exposure to the [__] as well as a
lack of vitamin D in the diet.
sun
Deficiency of vitamin D causes [___] in young children. The bones are soft and
legs bow outwards.
rickets
Deficiency of vitamin D in adults leads to [____] in which the bones are
soft and there is an increased risk of fractures.
osteomalacia
[__] serves as the major solvent in the body and as the transport medium for the distribution of nutrients and the collection of waste products.
Water
A [___ __] is a diet that includes the proper amounts and proportions of the different types of nutrients:
❥ Enough [____] and [__] to provide energy.
❥ Enough [___] and [__ __] for growth and tissue repair.
❥ [___], [___] salts, [___] and [__] in adequate quantities for the body to function properly.
balanced diet
❥ carbohydrates - fats
❥ proteins - amino acids
❥ Vitamins - mineral - roughage - water
A balanced diet varies with [__], [___], [___ ___], [___], [____] and [___].
age - gender - physical activity - lifestyle - pregnancy - lactation
Energy requirements [___] with age, but decrease in old age.
increase
Children have a [___] energy requirement than adults since they are still growing. Elderly people have [___] energy needs and have a lower basal metabolic
rate.
higher - lower
Mature men have [__] energy requirements than women. This is due to the fact that woman have more fat.
higher
Energy requirements [___] with activity: The physically active individuals need to consume [___] food than those leading sedentary lives.
increase - more
Physically active individuals need to consume more food than those leading sedentary lives because energy requirements [___] with physical activity.
increase
Lactating women usually have slightly higher [__] and [___] requirements than other female adults.
energy - calcium
Pregnant women may have higher [__], [__] and [__] requirements than other female adults.
energy - calcium - iron
During pregnancy a woman needs to increase her intake of [__], [___], [___], [__], vitamin [], [], [] and [__ __].
❥ [___] are needed so that the baby can make new tissue.
❥ [___] and vitamin [] are needed for bone development.
❥ [__] is needed to make hemoglobin. More red blood cells filled with hemoglobin are required to deliver oxygen from the mother to the fetus.
❥ [__ __] is needed to prevent spinal cord defects.
energy - protein - calcium - iron - A - C - D - folic acid ❥ Proteins ❥ Calcium - D ❥ Iron ❥ Folic acid
Pregnant and lactating women usually have [___] energy and calcium requirements
than other female adults.
higher
[____] is a condition that results from:
❥ a diet in which one or more [___] are not enough or are in excess.
❥ a diet that has an excess or deficit of [__] intake.
Malnutrition
❥ nutrients
❥ calorie
A diet that provides inappropriate (i.e. too much or too little) amounts or proportions of the [___] required by the body is called an [___ __].
nutrients - unbalanced diet
[___] is a condition characterized by being extremely [___]. It is caused by ingesting excess amounts of food for a prolonged period of time.
Obesity - overweight
A method that could help indicate if an individual is [___] involves calculating the [__ __ __] or [__] which is the ratio of a person’s [__] in kilograms divided by the square of [__] in meters.
obese - body mass index - BMI - weight - height
A BMI value of []-[] usually represents a healthy weight. A BMI value of [_] or above could be an indication of obesity.
18 - 25 - 30
The intake of more [___] than what is required by the body.
❥ High intake of [__] foods, especially [___ __].
❥ High intake of [__].
❥ Lack of [___].
❥ [__] which can lead to comfort eating.
calories ❥ fatty - saturated fats ❥ sugar ❥ exercise ❥ Stress
The health problems associated with being overweight and obese are: ❥ [\_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_] ❥ [\_\_\_] ❥ [\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_] ❥ [\_\_] ❥ [\_\_\_] ❥ Problems in the [\_\_] of the legs due to the extra amounts of weight being imposed on them.
Coronary heart disease ❥ Strokes ❥ High blood pressure ❥ Diabetes ❥ Arthritis ❥ joints
[____] and [___ __] sticks to the walls of the arteries. The arteries are [___] slowing down the flow of blood. This condition is [_____].
Cholesterol - saturated fats - narrowed - atherosclerosis
The artery walls become rough which can cause the blood to [__]. [____] is the formation of a blood [__] inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood.
clot - Thrombosis - clot
If the coronary arteries get partly blocked, not enough [___] reaches the heart muscle. The resulting chest pain is known as [__].
oxygen - angina
A total blockage of the coronary artery in which the supply of [__] to the heart muscle is completely cut off is known as a [__ __].
oxygen - heart attack
The risk factors of coronary heart disease CHD or cardiovascular disease include:
❥ Eating a diet rich in [___] animal fat and [___].
❥ Being [___] increases the risk of CHD.
❥ [___] increases the risk of CHD.
❥ Lack of [___] increases the risk of CHD.
❥ [__] increases the risk of CHD.
❥ The inheritance of [__] that tend to increase the risk of CHD.
❥ The chance of CHD increases with [__].
❥ saturated - cholesterol ❥ overweight ❥ Smoking ❥ exercise ❥ Stress ❥ genes ❥ age
The high intake of fats and cholesterol increases the risk of the arteries becoming [___] due to the accumulation of [___ __] on the inner walls of the heart blood vessels causing [___ __ __].
narrow - saturated fats - coronary heart disease
[___] is a form of malnutrition characterized by a low body weight. It is caused by an extremely [__] intake of food for a prolonged period.
Starvation - low
During starvation the basal metabolic rate is [___].
reduced
Once the body’s stores of [___] have been depleted the body uses stored fat and then [__] in the muscles as a source of energy. This leads to [___] wasting and a thin appearance.
carbohydrates - proteins - muscle
Starvation can lead to restricted [___], reduced [___], and permanent damage to organs or even death.
growth - immunity
[___] and [___] are severe forms of malnutrition linked to
starvation.
Kwashiorkor - marasmus
Children suffering from kwashiorkor are often [____] and their bodies look [___].
underweight - emaciated
Kwashiorkor is caused by a deficiency of [___] in the diet and can therefore be treated by restoring [__] in the diet.
protein - protein
Children suffering from kwashiorkor often have [___] body parts, including the [__].
swollen - belly
Marasmus is a severe form of [___].
❥ Marasmus is caused by lack of [__] nutrients in the diet.
❥ Marasmus is characterized by a [__] caloric intake and can be treated by
increased nutrient intake.
❥ Marasmus is a result of [___].
❥ Children suffering from marasmus have a body weight much [__] than normal
and look [___] (abnormally thin or weak). Marasmus mostly affects
[__] but it can also affect [__].
❥ [___] is not a sign of marasmus.
malnutrition ❥ many ❥ low ❥ starvation ❥ lower ❥ emaciated ❥ infants ❥ adults ❥ Swelling
The life-threatening and debilitating condition caused by a lack of proteins in the diet and seen in countries suffering from malnutrition is referred to as [____].
Kwashiorkor
[___] is the mineral that can result in fragile bones, weak teeth, and poor blood clotting if it was deficient in the human body.
Calcium
Scurvy is a condition caused by [___ _] deficiency that is characterized by bleeding gums and wounds that do not heal properly. It is also characterized by joint pain.
vitamin C
Rickets is a condition caused by [___ _] deficiency that causes bones to become soft and deformed in children.
vitamin D
