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Anatomy > The Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

The Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

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2
Q

Chemistry

A

The study of matter and its interactions

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3
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of matter that still retains its original properties

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4
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged subatomic particle located in the atomic nucleus of an atom

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5
Q

Neutron

A

A subatomic particle with no charge locate in the atomic nucleus

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6
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged subatomic particle surrounding an atom in electron shells

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7
Q

Electron Shells

A

Where electrons can be found surrounding an atom; 1st shell can hold 2 electrons, 2nd can hold 8, and 3rd can hold 18 but stable with 8

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8
Q

Atomic Number

A

Represents the number of protons found in an element

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9
Q

Periodic Table of Elements

A

Lists abbreviated elements by their chemical symbol in order of increasing atomic number; 92 elements occur naturally

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10
Q

Major Elements

A

Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen(N)

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11
Q

Mineral Elements

A

Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Chlorine (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfur (S)

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12
Q

Trace Elements

A

Extremely small amounts of elements found in the body, there are 13

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13
Q

Metals

A

Elements that are shiny substances that conduct electricity

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14
Q

Nonmetals

A

Elements that exist as gases or brittle solids and poor conductors of electricity

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15
Q

Mass Number

A

The number of neutrons plus the number of protons found within an atom

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16
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers

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17
Q

Radioisotopes

A

High energy, unstable isotopes that release energy in the form of radiation; the basis for nuclear medicine

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18
Q

Mixture

A

Two or more substances that are physically combined such that their chemical properties remain unaltered

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19
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms combined by a chemical bond

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20
Q

Suspension

A

A mixture in which the substances are in different phases and the particles settle out when left undisturbed

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21
Q

Colloid

A

A mixture in which the substances are in different phases but the substances will not settle out when left undisturbed

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22
Q

Solution

A

A mixture in which the substances are in the same phase and the particles will not settle out when left undisturbed

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23
Q

Solute

A

The component present in a solution in lower amounts that is dissolved by the solvent; usually a solid substance

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24
Q

Solvent

A

The component present in a solution in higher amounts, generally a liquid that dissolves a solute

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25
Q

Concentration

A

The amount of solute present in a solution

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26
Q

Chemical Bond

A

An energy relationship between atoms or ions caused by the sharing or transfer of electrons

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27
Q

Compound

A

A molecule composed of two or more atoms from different elements

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28
Q

Macromolecules

A

Very large compounds composed of many atoms

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29
Q

Valence Electron Shell

A

The outermost electron shell in which atoms interact

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30
Q

Valence Electrons

A

The electrons in the valence electron shell; they determine how an atom interacts with other atoms

31
Q

Octet Rule

A

The principle that states that an atom is most stable with 8 electrons in its valence electron shell

32
Q

Inert

A

Nonreactive

33
Q

Reactive

A

Atoms that are unstable and will interact with other atoms until they obey the Octet Rule

34
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A chemical bond resulting from the transfer of electrons and resulting attraction between a positive cation and negative nonmetal anion

35
Q

Ion

A

A charged particle that has lost or gained one or more electrons

36
Q

Cation

A

A positive ion with more protons than electrons

37
Q

Anion

A

A negative ion with more electrons than protons

38
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A chemical bond that involves sharing of electrons between two nonmetals or a nonmetal and hydrogen

39
Q

Single Bond

A

One pair of electrons are shared between two atoms

40
Q

Double Bound

A

Two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms

41
Q

Triple Bond

A

Three pair of electrons are shared between two atoms

42
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally among the atoms in the bond; makeup nonpolar molecules

43
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

A covalent bond in which electrons spend more time around the electronegative atoms, which results in the formation of a dipole; makeup polar molecules

44
Q

Dipole

A

A partially positive and partially negative pole that forms as a result of a polar covalent bond

45
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Weak attractions between partially positive hydrogen atoms of one compound or functional group and partially negative atoms of another compound or functional group

46
Q

Surface Tension

A

A visible film on the top of a water-based solution resulting from the formation of hydrogen bonds

47
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

The process that occurs when chemical bonds are formed, broken, or rearranged, or electrons are transferred between reactants

48
Q

Chemical Notation

A

Chemical symbols that represent elements and chemical equations that represents a chemical reaction

49
Q

Chemical Equation

A

Represents a chemical reaction

50
Q

Reactants

A

The substances on the left side of a chemical equation, what you are starting with that will undergo a reaction

51
Q

Products

A

The substances on the right side of a chemical equation, the substances produced in the reaction

52
Q

Reversible Reaction

A

A chemical reaction that can progress in both forward and reverse directions, it can be undone

53
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

54
Q

Potential Energy

A

Energy that is stored, ready to be released and used to do work

55
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy in motion or action

56
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Energy stored in the chemical bonds of all molecules and compounds

57
Q

Electrical Energy

A

Energy generated by the movement of charged particles

58
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

Energy that has been directly transferred from one object to another

59
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

A reaction in which the products have more energy than the reactants, requires input energy to proceed

60
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

A reaction in which the products have less energy than the reactants, has more energy than needed for the reaction to proceed, releases energy

61
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Reaction (Redox Reaction)

A

A type of exchange reaction in which electrons are exchanged among reactants

62
Q

Exchange Reactions

A

A reaction in which one or more atoms or electrons from the reactants are exchanged

63
Q

Activation Energy

A

The energy required for an adequately strong collision to occur between atoms for a reaction to take place

64
Q

Enzyme

A

A biological catalyst, nearly always a protein, speeds up a reaction without changing its products or reactants

65
Q

Enzyme Active Site/ Substrate

A

An enzyme’s active site is the region of the enzyme that binds to a specific substrate

66
Q

Properties of Water

A
  1. Absorbs heat without changing significantly in temperature itself
  2. Carries heat with it when it changes from a liquid to a gas
  3. Cushions and protects the body’s structures
  4. Acts as a lubricant between two adjacent surfaces
  5. Universal solvent
67
Q

Hydrophilic

A

A property of substances with partially or fully charged ends (polar covalent and ionic bonds) that will dissolve when placed in water

68
Q

Hydrophobic

A

A property of substances with no dipole (nonpolar covalent bonds) that will not dissolve when placed in water

69
Q

Acid

A

A compound that releases on or more hydrogen ions when placed in water, has a pH of less than 7.0

70
Q

Base

A

A compound that accepts a hydrogen ion from an acid, had a pH of greater than 7.0

71
Q

Neutral

A

pH of 7.0

72
Q

pH

A

The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

73
Q

Buffer

A

A chemical system that resists changes in pH, and prevents large swings in the pH when an acid or base is added to the solution

74
Q

Salt

A

An inorganic compound consisting of a nonmetal anion and metal cation joined by an ionic bond

Anatomy (9 decks)

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