The Chemistry Of Behaviour

Question 1

Absolute refractory period

Answer 1

Is defined by the opening and closing of the voltage gated channels.

Question 2

Relative refractory period

Answer 2

Is defined by the voltage gated sodium channels complete closed and it is possible to reopen.

Question 3

“Soups” vs “sparks”

Answer 3

Electricity played a huge role in neurons. Confusion on if chemicals can have an impact on the function of neurons. How much chemicals influence neuronal activity verse electrical activity.

Question 4

Otto Loewi

Answer 4

Made an experiments to determine the influence of chemicals on electrical conduction.

Question 5

Forms of connections

Answer 5

Axo-dendritic: axon to dendrite
Axon-somatic: axon to soma
Axon-axonic: axon to axon
Dendro - dendritic: dendrite to dendrite

Question 6

Synaptic transmission

Answer 6

1. The action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal. The action potential is produced inside of axons and is conducted until it reaches a axon terminal.
2. Voltage gated Ca channels open, and Ca enters the axon terminal. Leads to the content inside the vesicle to be released into the synaptic cleft
3. Vesicles filled with neurotransmitters to release neurotransmitters.
4. Some transmitter molecules bind to special receptors in the postsynaptic membrane.
5. Membrane depolarize.

Question 7

Post synaptic receptors

Answer 7

Receptor proteins recognize transmitters and their mimics. Two basic kinds of neurotransmitter receptors. Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.

Question 8

Ionotropic receptor

Answer 8

Allows ions to pass through it engaging in depolarization constantly.
Relatively fast
Excitary-positive charged
Inhibitory -negative changed

Question 9

Metabotropic receptors

Answer 9

Stress response
Do not have on channels, Na, Cl do not pass through.

Question 10

Signal termination

Answer 10

Turning off the signal
Diffuse away- neurotransmitter released and will eventually diffuse away.
Reuptake - recycle contents found on cell wall on terminals, which allows neurotransmitters to so back into the cell
Enzymatic breakdown: chances the structures of neurotransmitters into their components.

Question 11

Criteria for ligand to be called a neurotransmitter

Answer 11

1. Substance is synthesized in presynaptic terminal and released in axon terminals
2. Released when action potentials reach axon terminals.
3. Recognized by receptors on postsynaptic membrane.
4. Changes and block sage of release interferes with the postsynaptic cell.

Question 12

Neurotransmitters

Answer 12

Amino adds
Amines - more complex than amino acids
Neuropeptides - long chains of amino acids and amines together
Gases - influences neuronal functions ( don’t fit typical definition)

Question 13

Amino acids

Answer 13

Glutamate - excitatory works through several types of receptors, including NMDA receptors. Fundamental neurotransmitter, 80% of neurotransmitters.
Gamma - ammo butyric acid (GABA) - inhibitory, with classes of receptors. 20% of neurotransmitters.