The Chemical Level Of Organization Flashcards
12 chemical elements of body
O, C,H,N,Ca,P,K,S, Na, Mg,Cl, Fe
Chemistry
Science of the structure and interactions of matter
Mass
Amount of matter in any object which does not change
Weight
Force of gravity acting on matter,does change
Three states matter exists in are:
Solids, liquids, and gases
Solids
Compact and have definite shape and volume
Example bones and teeth
Liquids
Definite volume and assume the shape of their container
Example blood plasma
Gases
Neither a definite shape or volume
Example Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Chemical elements
Building blocks that make up all forms of matter (living and non)
How many elements are in the body
26 elements
How many current elements are recognized
118 elements
Four major elements that make up 96% body mass
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Eight lesser elements that make up 3.6% body mass
Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron
Atom
Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties and characteristics of an element
Subatomic particle
Compose individual Atoms
What are the three types of subatomic particles
Protons, electrons, and neutrons
Protons
Positively charged
Neutrons
Neutral or unchanged
Electrons
Negatively charged
Nucleus
Dense central core of an atom
Contains protons and neutrons
Atomic number
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Mass number
Sum of an atoms protons and neutrons
Why are oxidation – reduction reactions important
Break down food molecules to produce energy essential to life
Isotopes
Atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons there for different mass numbers
Free radicals
atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outer most shell
What is the relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction?
Reactants are the starting substance and the products are the ending substance in a chemical reaction
How do you catalysts affect activation energy?
Catalysts affect activation energy by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur
Ion
atom with a positive or negative charge because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons
Molecule
When two or more atoms share electrons
Free radical
Atom or group of atoms with and unpaired electrons in the outer most shell
Often unstable highly reactive or destructive to nearby molecules
Chemical bonds
Forces that hold together the atoms
of a molecule or compound
Ionic bonds
Force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges
Cation
Positively charged ion
Anion
Negatively charged ion
Electrolyte
Ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in solution
Covalent bond
Two or more atoms share electrons rather than gain or lose them
Most common bond in the body
Hydrogen bond
When a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of a neighbouring electronegative atom
Surface tension
Measure of difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a lipid
Chemical reaction
When a new bond forms or an old bond breaks
Foundation of all life processes
Metabolism
All chemical reactions in the body
Activation energy
Collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of reactants
What 2 things influence collision
Concentration and temperature
How does concentration influence collision
More particles of matter present in a confined space greater chance of colliding
How does temperature influence collision
Increase in temperature causes particles to move more rapidly forcing particles to collide
Catalyst
Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy example enzymes
Anabolism
Two or more atoms, ions or molecules combined to form larger molecules
What is the process of anabolism
Synthesis reaction
Catabolism
Breakapart of large molecules into smaller atoms, ions or molecules
What is the process of reaction of catabolism
Decomposition reaction
Exchange reactions
Consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions
Reverse reactions
Products reversed to original reactants
Oxidation
Loss of electrons, releasing energy
Reduction
Gain of electrons, gains energy
Oxidization reduction reaction
Well, one substance is oxidized while another is reduced
Compound
Substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements
Inorganic compounds
Lack carbon, structurally simple
Organic compounds
Always contain carbon, usually hydrogen, always covalent bonds
Water
Inorganic compound, most important, die in days without, nearly all body chemical reactions occur in a watery medium
Hydrophylic
Dissolve easily in water
Hydrophobic
Not very water-soluble
Solution
Mixture of solute and solvent
Solute
Substance that dissolves in a solvent
Solvent
Dissolves another substance
Hydrolysis
To loosen her breakapart
-enable dietary nutrients to be absorbed into the body
Dehydration synthesis reaction
Went to smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule
example water molecule
Three common liquid mixtures are
Solutions
colloids
suspensions
Mixture
Combination of elements or compounds that blend together
not bound by chemical bonds
example air you breathe is a mixture of gases
Colloid
Particles are large enough to scatter
usually translucent opaque
Suspension
May mix with liquid but eventually will settle out
example blood
Dissociate
When in organic acids, bases or salts dissolve in water
they separate into ions and become surrounded by water molecules
Acid
Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more Anions
Buffer systems
Function to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
Free radical is
An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electrons in the outer most shell
There are ___different chemical elements normally present in the human body
26
Chemistry is
The science of the structure and interactions of matter
The mass number of an atom is
The sum of its protons and neutrons
Isotopes
Are atoms of an element That have different numbers of neutrons and thus different mass numbers
Antioxidants
Inactivate oxygen derived free radicals
The forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or a compound are
Chemical bond
This form is when two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them
Covalent bond
This form is when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighbouring electronegative atom
Hydrogen bond
The force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges is
Ionic bond
Ionic compounds exist as
Solids
The cohesion of water molecules create a very high
Surface tension
What is the weakest kind of bond
Hydrogen bond
The rule that helps explain why atoms interact in predictable ways
Octet rule
And ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in solution is called a
Electrolyte
Chemical reactions occur when
New bonds form
Metabolism refers to
Chemical reactions in the body
A chemical compound that speeds up chemical reactions
Catalyst
When two or more atoms, ions or molecules are combined to form larger molecules the process is called
Synthesis
______ Refers to the gain of electrons, in the process there for a substance gains energy
Reduction
Reactions in the body that consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions are
Exchange reactions
When larger molecules are broken down this is referred to as
Catabolism
Always parallel, reaction that oxidizes one substance while another is reduced
Oxidization reduction
A solution is made up of which of the following
Solvent dissolves the solute
Organic compound always contains
Carbon
The pH scale goes down from seven makes it more
Acidic
Water helps your body with
Lubricant
chemical reactions
dissolvent
What is the water percentage of lean body mass in a grown-up organism
55 to 60%
Hydrolysis
Decomposition of large molecules into smaller ones by adding water
Hydrophylic compound are
Charged or contain polar covalent bonds
Example of suspension is
Mixture of boiling water
Bases are
Protein acceptor
