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Ana Phy > THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE > Flashcards

THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE Flashcards

1
Q

study of matter

including:
- * Structure of atoms
* Basic chemical building blocks
* How atoms combine to form increasingly complex structures

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

Anything that takes up space and has mass
- Made up of atoms

A

Matter

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3
Q

3 Subatomic particles

A
  • Protons
  • Positive charge
  • Neutrons
  • Neutral
  • Electrons
  • Negative charge
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4
Q

Number of protons

A

Atomic number

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5
Q

Contains protons and neutrons

  • surrounded by electrons
A

Nucleus

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6
Q

Spherical area that contains electrons

A

Electron cloud

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7
Q

Two-dimensional representation of electron cloud

A

Electron shell

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8
Q

made up of protons and neutrons located in a central nucleus

A

atom

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9
Q

substance that consists of only one type or kind of atom.

A

Element

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10
Q

outermost shell of any atom
- it determines bonding

A

valence shell

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10
Q

chemical reactivity of an atom is determined by its

A

electronegativity

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11
Q

Three major types of chemical bonds

A
  1. Ionic bonds
  2. Covalent bonds
  3. Hydrogen bonds
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12
Q

Involve sharing, gaining, and losing electrons

A

Chemical bonds

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13
Q

are attractions between cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions)

A

Ionic bonds

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14
Q

One atom-the electron donor-loses one or more electrons and becomes a

A

cation

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15
Q

Another atom-the electron acceptor-gains those same electrons and becomes an

A

anion

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16
Q

Strong bonds involving shared electrons

A

Covalent bonds

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17
Q

Sharing one pair of electrons is a

A

single covalent bond

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18
Q

2 types of covalent bonds

A
  • Nonpolar covalent bonds
  • Polar covalent bonds
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19
Q

Equal sharing of electron pairs

A

Nonpolar covalent bonds

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20
Q

Unequal sharing of electron pairs

A

Polar covalent bond

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21
Q

weak type of force that forms special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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22
Q

two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit

A

Molecule

23
Q

two or more different types of atoms chemically combined.

A

Compound

24
Q

is the separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules.

A

Dissociation

25
Q

the combination of reactants to form a new, larger product.

Forms chemical bonds

A

synthesis reaction

26
Q

the breakdown of larger reactants into smaller products.

Breaks chemical bonds

A

decomposition reaction

27
Q

a combination of a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction, in which the products of the decomposition reaction recombine

A

exchange reaction

28
Q

reactants can form products, or the products can form reactants

the amount of reactant relative to the amount of product is constant at equilibrium.

A

reversible reaction

29
Q

stored energy that could do work

A

Potential energy

29
Q

the capacity to do work

A

Energy

30
Q

does work by causing the movement of an object

A

kinetic energy

31
Q

Energy exists in chemical honds as

A

potential energy

32
Q

can be neither created nor destroyed, but one type of energy can be changed into another

A

Energy

33
Q

must be added in reactions when the products contain more potential energy than the reactants.

A

Energy

34
Q

the amount of energy needed to start a reaction

A

Activation energy

35
Q

are protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions

A

Enzymes

36
Q

regulate chemical reactions (enzymes)

A

Proteins

37
Q

building blocks of proteins are

A

amino acids

38
Q

Accounts for up to two-thirds of total body weight

A

Water (H₂O)

39
Q

Interact with water

A

Hydrophilic

40
Q

Do not interact with water

A

Hydrophobic

41
Q

2 water compounds

A

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic

42
Q

is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions solution

A

pH (potential of hydrogen)

42
Q

More H+ ions means

A

lower pH

43
Q

fewer H+ ions means

A

higher pH

43
Q

Has an inverse relationship with H+ concentration

A

pH scale

44
Q

normal/neutral pH solution

A

7.0

45
Q

higher than 7.0
- Low H+ concentration
- High OH- concentration

A

Basic (or alkaline) solution

46
Q

pH of human blood

A

Ranges from 7.35 to 7.45

46
Q

lower than 7.0
- High H+ concentration
- Low OH- concentration

A

Acidic solution

47
Q

proton acceptors

A

Bases

48
Q

proton (H’) donors

A

Acids

49
Q

forms when an acid reacts with a base

A

Salts

50
Q

chemicals that resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added

A

Buffers

Ana Phy (7 decks)

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