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Civil Rights And Race Relations In The USA > The changing geography of civil rights issues > Flashcards

The changing geography of civil rights issues Flashcards

1
Q

how many black Americans were in America in 1850

A

4 million of Americans were black

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2
Q

where did the majority of black Americans live

A

The majority of black Americans lived in the South due to the restricted movement capabilities because of slavery

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3
Q

When were slaves freed

A

Slaves were freed in 1865 with the passing of the 13th amendment

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4
Q

why did a lot of black Americans stay in the South

A

Many black Americans stayed in the South because:

  • Life improved during Reconstruction, when black Southerners were given the vote and the presence of federal troops restrained white supremacism
  • Migration was daunting to most freed slaves, who were illiterate or unskilled
  • Northern employees and unions excluded black labour
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5
Q

What initiated the slow drift North

A

The end of Reconstruction and the development of Jim Crow laws initiated the slow drift North

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6
Q

How many black Mississippians migrated to Kansas in 1879

A

In 1879, 20,000 black Mississippian ‘Exodusters’ migrated from the South to Kansas

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7
Q

in 1880 what did the Senate blame the black migration on

A

In 1880 Senate committee investigation of black migration and blamed ‘unjust and cruel’ white Southerners who deprived black Americans of their rights

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8
Q

What was Chicago’s black population change between 1880-1900

A

Between 1880-1900 Chicago’s black population rose from 6,480 to 30,150

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9
Q

how did New York’s black population change between 1880-1900

A

Between 1880-1900 New York’s population rose from 65,000 to 100,000

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10
Q

what were the advantages for black Americans for life without the south

A

Advantages of life outside the South were

  • Many had a better life in the North
  • Migration helped generate greater race consciousness and activism
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11
Q

what were the disadvantages of life outside the South for black Americans

A

Disadvantage for life outside the south were

- Whites attacked the black population and colluded in various methods of race control

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12
Q

What were Northern whites methods of control

A

Northern white methods of race control included:

  • Violence
  • Gerrymandering
  • By 1891, 30 states in North and West had adopted the secret ballot party in order to exclude illiterate black voters
  • School boards promoted de facto segregation
  • Labour unions excluded black workers
  • White landowners and landlords usually refused to sell or rent homes to blacks in areas traditionally inhabited by whites
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13
Q

When was the First Great Migration

A

The First Great Migration was between 1910-30

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14
Q

How many black Americans moved during the First Great Migration

A

Around 1.6 million Black Americans moved during the First Great Migration

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15
Q

Why did Black Americans leave the south during the First Great Migration

A

Black Americans left the South because:

  • Jim Crow
  • The greater incidence of lynching in the south
  • The over-dependence of parts of the South on the cotton crop
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16
Q

what is an example of gerrymandering

A

In 1897, Boston’s City Council redrew electoral districts to dispute the impact of the black vote

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17
Q

Why were black migrants attracted to the North

A

Black migrants were attracted to the North because

  • More and better jobs were available
  • Wages were higher especially during the WW1
  • WW1 disrupted European immigrants so Northern employees were short on workers so hired Black Americans
  • Migrants told Southern relatives and friends of more pay and less prejudice up North
  • Black communities in Northern cities welcomed further migrants
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18
Q

What were the disadvantages of migration during the First Great Migration

A

Migration had disadvantages:

  • Family, friends and surroundings were left behind
  • Northern white racial prejudice could make it difficult to find employment
  • The cost of living was higher
  • Urban accommodation was harder to find, crowded and expensive
  • Black migrants exacerbated racial tensions and there were many race riots
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19
Q

What was the wage difference between the North and the South wage

A

In 1918, a Northern factory worker could earn $3.25 daily, compared to the $0.75 for agricultural workers down South

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20
Q

what were the conditions in Northern ghettos

A

Northern ghettos were de facto segregated, overcrowded and violent, while housing and schools were poor

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21
Q

When was the Second great migration

A

The second great migration was between 1940-70

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22
Q

how many black Americans moved during the second great migration

A

Around 5 million black Southerners migrated North and West between 1940-70

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23
Q

what were the consequences of the second great migration

A

Consequences of the second great migration:

  • Increasingly dense concentrations of black populations in Northern cities led to greater black consciousness and political power
  • Dramatic changes in the racial composition of some cities and wartime overcrowding led to race riots
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24
Q

How did Chicago’s black population change between 1940-50

A

In 1940 Chicago’s black population was 250,000

- In 1950 Chicago’s black population was 500,000

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25
Q

How many black Americans worked in defence industries in 1941

A

In 1941 2 million black Americans worked in defence industries

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26
Q

What did A. Philip Randolph promise to make Washington to do

A

Black trade union leader A. Philip Randolph promised to bring Washington DC to a standstill forced President Roosevelt to promote equality in the defence industries

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27
Q

Why did black Americans return South

A

Many black Americans returned South because:

  • Northern ghettos continued to deteriorate
  • The South changed dramatically after the 1960s
  • De Facto segregation was less pronounced in the South
  • The South was less violent
  • More black Americans held office in the South than any other region
  • The cost of living was lower
  • While the Northern rust belt was in decline businesses moved to the booming South where trade Unions had less power
  • Many felt they were returning to their ancestral home
  • The South had a more temperate climate
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28
Q

Reasons for mass migration to Harlem after 1905

A

Reasons for migration back to Harlem were

  • Real estate was cheap so landlords didn’t pick and choose who to sell to
  • Philip Payton bought black clients in through his Afro-American Realty Company
  • Race riots in NY favoured by blacks, and demolition of black tenements led to blacks needing new homes
  • Increasing numbers of black Southerners migrated North during the first Great Migration
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29
Q

What are the reasons why mass migration to Harlem was significant

A

Mass Migration to Harlem was significant because

  • Between 1890 and 1920, NYC black population rose from 70,000 to 200,000 reflecting the demographic impact of the First Great Migration on urban demography
  • Between 1920-30, around 100,000 black migrants arrived in Harlem but over 100,000 exited demonstrating the racial tensions that rose from the First Great Migration
  • Concentration of a large number of black Americans a sense of togetherness
  • The Great Migration made Harlem the unofficial black capital of the US
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30
Q

What are examples of leading organisations and activists based in Harlem

A

Examples of leading organisations and activists based in Harlem

  • The NAACP’s Harlem chapter
  • The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
  • The United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
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31
Q

When was the NAACP’s Harlem chapter established

A

The NAACP’s Harlem chapter was established in 1910

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32
Q

What did the scholar W.E.B. Du Bois found

A

The scholar W.E.B. Du Bois founded the NAACP’s ‘The crisis magazine’ in 1910 and edited it until he retired in 1934

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33
Q

Who and when was the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters established

A

A. Philip Randolph, who in 1925 established the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

34
Q

Why was the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters important

A

The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was important because it was the first significant black labour union

35
Q

Who was the leader of the United Negro Improvement Association

A

Marcus Garvey, Jamaican-born leader of the United Negro Improvement Association

36
Q

When did Garvey move to Harlem

A

Marcus Garvey moved to Harlem in 1916

37
Q

What did Marcus Garvey advocate for

A

Marcus Garvey advocated for black self-help, armed self-defence and the seperation of the races

38
Q

What were the problems with Harlem

A

Harlem’s problems were

  • Poor relations with black community and white police led to race riots
  • Ill health caused by poverty
  • Rents were high because blacks were unwelcomed in other parts of NYC
  • Schools were overcrowded and decaying
  • Cocaine addiction, prostitution and homicides were common
  • Most Harlemites were unskilled workers and unemployment’s were particular bad during the great depression
  • Even when there were black jobs available in NYC, white racism made it difficult for black workers
39
Q

How many Harlemites were unemployed in 1941

A

one-third of Harlemites were unemployed in 1941

40
Q

How many Harlemites were working in war-related jobs

A

142 Harlemites out of the 30,000 war-related jobs available were working in war-related jobs

41
Q

What did the Fair Employment Practice Commission do for black workers

A

The Fair Employment Practices Commission, increased black employment opportunities in defence industries

42
Q

Why did President Roosevelt pass the Fair Employment Practices Commission

A

President Roosevelt passed it in response to A. Philip Randolph’s march on Washington

43
Q

Who was Malcom X

A

Malcolm X was an African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a popular figure during the civil rights movement.

44
Q

What movements did Harlemites support in the 1950s

A

Harlemites were impressed by Malcom X and the Nation of Islam in the 1950s

45
Q

What was the Nation of Islam

A

The Nation of Islam is a religious and political organization which was founded in the United States

46
Q

What movement did the Harlemites support in the 1960s

A

Harlemites were enthusiastic about the Black Power Movement in the 1960s

47
Q

What was the Black Power Movement

A

The Black Power movement was a social movement motivated by a desire for safety and self-sufficiency that was not available inside redlined African American neighbourhoods.

48
Q

How many cities experienced race riots after WW1

A

Soon after WW1 ended hundreds were killed in race riots across 25 cities

49
Q

Where were the worst riots located soon after WW1

A

The worst riots were in Chicago

50
Q

When were the Chicago riots

A

The Chicago riots were in 1919

51
Q

What were the causes of the Chicago riots

A

The 1919 Chicago riots were due to

  • White resentment at the increasing number of black Americans in Chicago
  • White opposition to black Americans moving into white neighbourhoods
  • Returning white servicemen viewing blacks as competition for housing and jobs
  • White resentment over increasing black political influence in local elections
  • An incident on Lake Michigan beach
52
Q

How black Americans arrived in Chicago between 1910-20

A

Around 50,000 arrived between 1910-20

53
Q

Who was Chicago’s first black alderman

A

Oscar De Priest became Chicago’s first black alderman in 1915

54
Q

How did Eugene Williams die

A

In 1919, Eugene Williams accidentally strayed into the ‘white’ section of a segregated Chicago beach that extended into Lake Michigan. Whites stoned him, black Chicagoans protested and white police arrested them.

55
Q

What happened in the two weeks of rioting after Eugene Williams death

A

Eugene Williams death triggered two weeks of rioting in which

  • Irish and Polish workers, police officers and the military viciously attacked black ghetto residents
  • 15 whites and 25 blacks were killed, 500 people were injured and white mobs set fire to and destroyed the homes of over 1,000 black families
56
Q

What did the governor of Illinois report on the violence blame the riots on

A

The report blamed the riots on

  • White police mistreatment of black Americans
  • Ghetto living conditions
  • Increasing black ‘race consciousness’
57
Q

What were the causes of the Tulsa race riots

A

The causes of the Tulsa race riots were

  • White Oklahoman opposition to racial mixing
  • Returning black veterans believed that they should be treated equally
  • White residents of Tulsa resented black prosperity
  • In 1921, tensions rose amidst rumours that a black male had assaulted a white female
  • Blacks and whites armed themselves
58
Q

What were the consequences of the Tulsa riots

A
  • Over 1,000 black houses were burned down
  • Around 10,000 black Americans were left homeless
  • Possibly as many as 300 black Americans died
  • Up to 800 whites were injured
59
Q

What did the Great Migration accelerate

A

The Great Migration accelerated the development of de facto segregation and the large black inner city ghettos

60
Q

When did Americas worst ghetto riots occur

A

Americas worst ghetto riots occurred in the years 1964-68

61
Q

Who did whites blame for the race riots of the summers between 1964-68

A

Whites blamed black extremists such as Malcom X

62
Q

What did Malcom say in July 1964

A

In July 1964 he said America would ‘see a bloodbath’

63
Q

When were the watts riots

A

The watts riots were in 1965

64
Q

where was the watts ghetto

A

Watts is a ghetto in Los Angeles

65
Q

what were the consequences of the watts riots

A

Consequences of Watts riots

  • Black mobs set fire to several blocks of stores
  • 34, died
  • 100 were injured
  • 3,500 looters and rioters were arrested
  • $40 million worth of damage to white businesses
66
Q

Why did the black Americans riot

A

Black Americans rioted because

  • Ghetto residents felt the end of segregation and the guarantee of voting rights in the South was no help to them.
  • King told the press that Watts was basically the revolt of an economic underclass
67
Q

When were the Newark riots

A

The Newark riots were in the summer of 1967

68
Q

Where is Newark

A

Newark is in Ney Jersey

69
Q

What was the cause of the Newark riots

A

The underlying cause of the riots was poverty and deprivation

70
Q

Why did the white blame the riots on the black power movement

A

The whites blamed the black power movement because the riots broke out the day after the announcement of plans for Black Power conference in Newark

71
Q

What was the trigger of the Newark riots

A

The trigger was police brutality against local cab driver

72
Q

What happened during the Newark riots

A

During the Newark riots

  • Snipers fired at white police officers
  • Families stole household goods from ruined stores
  • Black residents accused the National Guard and state troopers of indiscriminately shooting looters
73
Q

Who called the National Guard during the Newark

A

The National Guard was called in by the city authorities and state governor

74
Q

What were the consequences of the Newark riot

A

Over 20 died and hundreds were injured during the Newark riots

75
Q

What did the New Jersey Governor Richard Hughes describe the Newark riots as

A

New Jersey Governor Richard Hughes described the Newark riots as ‘plain and simple crime’

76
Q

What did the NAACP blame the Watts riots on

A

The NAACP blamed the riots on poverty and slum life

77
Q

What was Newark the first major North-Eastern city to do

A

In 1970, Newark became the first major North-Eastern city to elect a black mayor

78
Q

Why did ghetto conditions remain dire in Newark

A

Ghetto conditions remained dire because white flight had eroded Newark’s tax base.

79
Q

Who commissioned the Kerner report

A

President Johnson commissioned the Kerner Report on the widespread rioting

80
Q

What did the Kerner report blame the rioting on

A

The report blamed

  • Economic and social deprivation
  • Oppressive white police officers
  • Unsympathetic white authorities

Civil Rights And Race Relations In The USA (7 decks)

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