*The Changing Economic World (Paper 2) Flashcards

Question

What is the name given to people who move in search of work?

Answer 1

An economic migrant e.g. Polish migrants moving to the UK

Answer 2

1. Investment 2. Industrial development 3. Tourism 4. Aid 5. Intermediate technology 6. Fairtrade 7. Debt Relief 8. Micro finance loans

Answer 3

Investment means spending money in a business of location. This is usually done by big companies (TNCs) in order for them to increase their profit, but it can improve the facilities for people in LICs and create jobs (multiplier effect).

Answer 4

Developing an industry in an LIC triggers the **multiplier effect**. It creates jobs, which then increases spending and more facilities and services will then open, creating more jobs. More local people working means more tax is paid meaning the government can improve services for local people e.g. education.

Answer 5

Some countries have amazing environments which make them an attractive location for tourists. This has led to the development of hotels and tourist attractions which create jobs and spending in the LIC. More local people get employed in the tourism industry which leads to more tax paid to the government.

Answer 6

Aid is a donation of money or needed resources (e.g. food, water). This money can then be spent on improving infrastructure or facilities such as education which then benefits the local people.

Answer 7

Intermediate technology is technology that is appropriate to a country. This could include building a well which then can be used to improve the quality of life for people i.e. not having to walk hours for water. It must **_not_** replace local peoples' jobs.

Answer 8

Fairtrade aims to improve the standards for poor farmers. As a result of fairtrade, the farmer will gain a more fair share of the earnings, which they can reinvest in improving their farm.

Answer 9

Debt relief means to cancel the debt of a country that is struggling to meet its repayments. The debt can be cancelled in exchange for the LIC spending more money on hospitals and schools.

Answer 10

Micro finance loans are small loans given to communities in LICs to help them start their own business. This is often because they don't have the initial money to begin the business.

Answer 11

* It has slow economic growth * It has high debts * High unemployment

Answer 12

* Tourism contributes 24% to Jamaica's GDP * Tourism provides jobs for 200,000 people * Development of new ports * Improved quality of life for people in the North (Ocho Rios) * Natural environment has been improved by landscaping

Answer 13

* Tourists don't spend very much in Jamaica (average $70) * Not all parts of the island have been improved which leaves some parts more isolated * Not everyone in Jamaica has benefited from tourism, meaning they still live in poor housing with inadequate services

Answer 14

Newly Emerging Economy

Answer 15

A country that is going through a period of rapid economic growth

Answer 16

Nigeria is a country located in Western Africa

Answer 17

* It is the world's 21st largest economy * It supplies 2.7% of the world's oil (12th larger producer) * It has a diverse economy offering a range of jobs in the tertiary and quaternary sector * It is a big player in UN global peace keeping missions

Answer 18

* It has one of the fastest growing economies in Africa * High GDP * High farm output * Location of TNC, Shell

Answer 19

* Gained independence from the UK in 1960 * Has a history of civil war * Many companies now investing in Nigeria * It has links with OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries), UN and the African Union.

Answer 20

* Diverse religious beliefs * Increasing levels of conflict between different groups * Rise of extremist groups e.g. Boko Harem

Answer 21

* Diverse and varied culture * Popular Nigerian cinema: Nollywood * Range of music and sports events

Answer 22

* Northern Nigeria is semi-desert * Southern Nigeria: high temperatures and high rainfall

Answer 23

Crude oil, refined petroleum, natural gas, rubber, cocoa and cotton.

Answer 24

Cars, refined petroleum, rice, wheat and telephones (due to its rising wealth)

Answer 25

* Decrease in agriculture * Increase in industry * Increase in services * Overall more balanced economy

Answer 26

* Less agriculture due to increase in machinery * Increase in industry due to industrialisation * Growth of communications and retail

Answer 27

Processed foods, leather items, textiles, soaps and detergents

Answer 28

* More formal work = more population paying tax * More regular paid work = more employed * Lots of manufacturing industries are connected so they create work for each other - TNCs are attracted to Nigeria

Answer 29

Transnational Corporation

Answer 30

* Headquarters are located in one country * Production plantations in several others

Answer 31

* Access to cheaper labour * Access to new markets (to sell their product) * Less environmental laws to adhere to * Tax breaks

Answer 32

* New skills learned by people * Creates more jobs * TNCs often invest in infrastructure of the country * Can reduce poverty

Answer 33

* Poor working conditions for workers * Low pay * Higher skilled/ higher paid jobs often given to foreign workers * Profits drains from the area * The financial incentives offered to attract TNCs can often be better spent investing in healthcare etc.

Answer 34

An oil company

Answer 35

* Generating a lot of wealth for Nigeria * Directly employing 65,000 people and 250,000 indirectly * 91% of all of Shell's work contracts are given to Nigerian companies rather than foreign companies

Answer 36

Extracting oil creates problems for the natural environment: * oil spills cause water pollution and are difficult to clean up * ecosystems are killed off if oil enters water systems; affecting fishing industries * oil flares give off harmful fumes into the air * theft of oil is becoming a big problem

Answer 37

Emergency aid and development aid

Answer 38

Aid that is given directly after a natural disaster e.g. an earthquake. Aid may take the form of water, food, medical supplies

Answer 39

Aid that happens over a longer term. It may be provided by governments or charities and may include providing education or access to safe water wells in order to improve quality of life

Answer 40

+ Aid can immediately improve a situation e.g. providing medical aid after a disaster + Aid can provide people with the means of helping themselves i.e. tools / knowledge + Aid can be the trigger to start development i.e. financial support to start a businesses - Receiving countries can become reliant upon donor countries - Some forms of aid aren't suitable i.e. some technologies

Answer 41

* It has large amounts of people living in poverty (60+% of the population live on less than US$1 per day. * Infant mortality rate is high * Life expectancy is low.

Answer 42

Some money from HICs - UK and USA World Bank funded business start ups Charity work in communities

Answer 43

+ Most successful aid has been in small communities + World Bank donations helped start up new businesses which reduced over reliance on oil industry + Education projects from the USA aim to educate population about HIV/AIDS prevention + 'Nets for Life' provide mosquito nets to households

Answer 44

* Sometimes governments are corrupt which means aid isn't spent on what it is meant to be spent on * Aid may come with conditions * Aid is sometimes used to promote interests of the donor country

Answer 45

* Previously no health clinic * High levels of HIV/AIDS in the community * High infant mortality rate * ActionAid helped to fund build health clinic * Trained local people about immunisations * Tested for HIV and other illnesses

Answer 46

- Lots of illegal industries have developed - In Lagos, many chemicals enter water systems - Ecosystems damaged by industrial waste - Dumping industrial waste on land means some chemicals pollute groundwater - High levels of deforestation to make room for developments - Land is becoming drier due to large scale dam developments

Answer 47

* High proportions of squatter settlements * Lack of adequate provisions of services * Difficulty removing waste * High levels of traffic congestion and pollution

Answer 48

* Lots of water pollution as a result of illegal farming practices * Building of roads to access farms has led to high levels of deforestation * Increased CO₂ emissions * Loss of habitats (500+ plants destroyed)

Answer 49

* Digging up the ground in search of minerals can cause soil to erode * Eroded soil can be irreversible * Oil spills can cause fires

Answer 50

* Better paid jobs available in manufacturing or services * Higher disposable income * Improved access to clean water * Improved infrastructure

Answer 51

* Nigeria has seen one of the world's biggest improvements in HDI * Many Nigerian's still lack access to clean water Nigeria still depends heavily on oil. * Nigeria hasn't fully diversified its economy

Answer 52

Extracting a raw material e.g. mining or farming

Answer 53

Manufacturing e.g. ship building, car making

Answer 54

Providing a service e.g. teacher, shop keeper

Answer 55

High tech, knowledge and skills based jobs e.g. IT, research and development

Answer 56

* Increasing numbers employed in tertiary (Services) * Less employed in primary and secondary * Increasing number employed in quaternary

Answer 57

* The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century led to the increase in manufacturing * Deindustrialization led to the decline of manufacturing as it shifted to Asia * Globalisation - led to the increase in quaternary sector and decline in manufacturing in some HICs

Answer 58

The increasing interconnections between places around the world, made possible by developments in transport, technology. It leads to the increased movement of goods, services and people around the world.

Answer 59

The loss of a country's manufacturing industry caused by overseas competition or loss of raw materials.

Answer 60

1. **_1945-79_**: Government supported failing industries. A period of strikes and power cuts 2. **_1979-2010:_** Government privatised businesses to create more competition. Old industrial land was changed into new retail parks 3. **_2010+_** : Government aimed to rebalance the economy. They did this by encouraging new businesses through investment in manufacturing and improving infrastructure.

Answer 61

The growth in the tertiary and quaternary sectors that followed the decline of manufacturing industries

Answer 62

* lots of data and information can be stored and shared * instant communication around the world * broadband in more remote areas connects more places * smart phones allow people to work from home

Answer 63

Finance, banking, insurance, security

Answer 64

* Universities * Ministry of Defence * NHS * Charities e.g. Cancer Research

Answer 65

* Lots of highly skilled workers * Contributes large amount to the economy * Growing industry

Answer 66

A group of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses located on one site.

Answer 67

* They support tertiary industries such as finance * Employ large amount of people (75,000 across 100 sites) * Employs skilled graduates

Answer 68

An area of land comprising of a selection of businesses usually located on the edges of towns.

Answer 69

* Close to transport links * Land is often cheaper to build on * More land available to expand the business park later * Businesses can collaborate

Answer 70

* Creates air pollution contributing to climate change and breathing problems * Large amounts of plastic waste created * Manufacturing cars uses a lot of energy * Most cars use petrol to run which increases demand for oil drilling

Answer 71

* Move towards electric cars e.g. Nissan Leaf * Reduce the waste going to landfill * Use less water and energy in production has reduced Nissan, Sunderland now only produces electric cars.

Answer 72

Outer Hebrides

Answer 73

South Cambridgeshire

Answer 74

Lots of migrants from Eastern Europe

Answer 75

* Increased car ownership is causing more traffic congestion * Decline in use of services as commuters use facilities in the city * loss of community spirit in the rural areas * young people driven out due to high cost of living

Answer 76

* loss of employment in farming * lack of affordable housing * increasing numbers of poor migrants which puts strain on services

Answer 77

Isolated location, lack of job opportunities for young

Answer 78

* number of school children will fall * fewer people of working age left * increasing ageing population puts strain on area

Answer 79

* loss of fishing industry * farming jobs don't offer full time employment * increasing levels of tourism has meant the area can't cope with the high levels of visitors

Answer 80

* South-west super highway * Extra lanes added to motorways * Development of smart motorways

Answer 81

* Making railways electric * Development of High Speed 2 (HS2) - connecting South with Northern cities * London's Crossrail

Answer 82

* Boost regional growth in declining areas Increase employment (better infrastructure attracts businesses) * Reduces congestion and pollution * Reduce travel time * Connects Southern and Northern Cities

Answer 83

Liverpool2 - doubling the ports capacity to trade.

Answer 84

Expanding Heathrow - building extra terminal and increase runways

Answer 85

* Increase trading opportunities * Reduce the amount of freight on the roads * Create jobs

Answer 86

* Creates jobs * Boosts the economy * Supports local businesses

Answer 87

The divide between the North and the South of England. Generally, the South earn higher incomes, have a better of standard of living compared with the North

Answer 88

* Wages are generally lower in the North * Health is generally worse in the North * Exam results are generally worse in the North

Answer 89

* North was prosperous during Industrial Revolution. * The North was impacted heavily after heavy industries, such as ship building and mining, declined after 1970s. * The South adapted and developed a strong service industry due to its proximity to the capital.

Answer 90

1. Devolving power 2. Creating Enterprise Zones 3. Northern Powerhouse - a government plan to attract investment to the North 4. Improving infrastructure (HS2, improving motorways)

Answer 91

Giving councils the power to choose how they spend money to best suit the needs of the area. e.g. transport or regeneration.

Answer 92

Enterprise zones offer incentives to businesses that locate there, e.g. reduced taxes, access to good infrastructure, less planning restrictions - this encourages more businesses to the area, reducing unemployment.

Answer 93

It is a government plan to focus on improving the north of England. It includes specific plans to encourage more investment in the North and improved transport to connect it to the South.

Answer 94

1. **Trade** - the UK trades with the USA, Asia and Europe 2. **Culture** - British TV shows are shown worldwide 3. **Transport** - the UK is well connected by the Channel tunnel, rail and airports 4. **Electronic communications** - most internet and phone cables connect USA to Europe via UK. 5. **EU** - being a member of the EU allows the UK to freely trade with other EU countries 6. **Commonwealth** - the UK is part of the commonwealth with aims to improve the well being of other Commonwealth countries.

*The Changing Economic World (Paper 2) Flashcards

This is a compulsory topic. It cover economic development, closing the development gap, rapid economic development in LICs/NEEs and the impacts and major changes in the UK economy.