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Geography > The Changing Economic World > Flashcards

The Changing Economic World Flashcards

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1
Q

define development

A
  • a positive change that makes things better.

- usually people’s standard of living & quality of life improve as a country develops

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2
Q

what factors affact the rate of development in a country

A
  • environmental (natural hazards ie Haiti is corrupt & plagued w earthquakes)
  • economic (trade/ debt)
  • social (access to clean water/ education - population is unhealthy)
  • political (stable government/ civil war)
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3
Q

define the development gap

A

difference in standards of living btwn world’s richest 7 poorest countries

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4
Q

give examples of how to measure development

A
  • economic (GNI)
  • social (standard of living)
  • combination (HDI)
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5
Q

what is GNI

A

total value of goods & services produced by a country plus money earned from & paid to other countries. usually shown as per head (per capita) of the population

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6
Q

name strategies of how to close the development gap

A
  • investment
  • tourism
  • debt relief
  • fair-trade
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7
Q

describe how investment helps to close the development gap

A
  • TNC spends money in a foreign country ie investing in infrastructures and developing new industries
  • leads to the creation of new jobs for locals
  • locals invest into the local economy & pay tax, spent improving healthcare/schools leading to a healthier more educated population (MULTIPLIER EFFECT)
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8
Q

what is the multiplier effect

A
  • company/country spends money in foreign country ie investing in infrastructures and developing new industries
  • leads to the creation of new jobs for locals
  • locals invest into the local economy & pay tax, spent improving healthcare/schools leading to a healthier more educated population
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9
Q

describe how tourism helps to close the development gap

A
  • makes country more appealing to tourists ie beaches/tropical landscapes
  • adapt businesses to fit tourism so ppl in other counties travel to spend money there
  • leads to investment/ increased overseas income bringing in more money & multiplier effect
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10
Q

describe how fair-trade helps to close the development gap

A
  • ensures producers in smaller countries get a fair deal for their products
  • improves quality of life of farmers
  • farmer gets all the money from product to support their family/spend in local economy (multiplier effect)
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11
Q

describe how debt relief helps to close the development gap

A
  • developing countries agree to have their debts wiped by richer countries if there will be no future corruption
  • ## government doesn’t need to repay debts so can spend it on improving infrastructure/ quality of life for citizens
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12
Q

what are the uk’s main trade links

A
  • US, Germany, Switzerland are main export buyers

- Germany, China, USA are main import customers

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13
Q

what are the uk’s main culture links

A
  • TV exports from UK worth £1.3 bill e.g downton abbey/Dr. Who
  • 41% TV exports from UK go to USA
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14
Q

what are the uk’s main electronic communications links

A
  • internet/social media
  • submarine cables
  • arctic cables (improves connection to japan)
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15
Q

what are the uk’s main transport links

A
  • Southampton port
  • international airport i.e gatwick
  • channel tunnel (to France)
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16
Q

describe the difference between the north and south of the UK

A
  • avg house price N: £130,000 S: £265,000
  • life expectancy N lower by 2 years than S
  • N has more poverty than S
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17
Q

reasons for the north-south divide

A
  • deindustrialisation mainly happened in N which lead to unemployment
  • London & south east is where growth in service sector mainly occured
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18
Q

describe the land type/use and rate of employment in the north

A
  • mountainous
  • higher rates of unemployment
  • people move south to find work
  • lower house prices (demand is lower)
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19
Q

describe the land type/use and rate of employment in the south

A
  • flat, fertile farm land
  • higher employment rates & population growth
  • higher house prices (demand is higher)
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20
Q

describe what the government has done to help reduce the north-south divide

A
  • 39 LEPs (local enterprise partnerships) in UK (voluntary partnerships btwn councils & businesses) they encourage companies to invest boosting the economy
  • enterprise zones
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21
Q

describe what the government has done to help reduce the north-south divide

A
  • 39 LEPs (local enterprise partnerships) in UK (voluntary partnerships btwn councils & businesses) they encourage companies to invest boosting the economy
  • 24 enterprise zones in UK. they encourage new buinesses to set up = new jobs in areas where no businesses were before
  • –business discounts over 5 years & loans to support machinery
  • –superfast broadband
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22
Q

how have improvements to ports helped to reduce the regional difference

A

“Liverpool 2” (deep-water dock for container ships)

  • will be 1.5 mill containers each year
  • will boost trade in the north
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23
Q

how have improvements to rail helped to reduce the regional difference

A

“HS2” £50 bill train line to “northern powerhouse” (manchester)

  • costs £50 bill
  • technology will be outdated when it will be opened (2033)
  • not the north
  • people have had to houses for the railway to be built
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24
Q

how have improvements to aeroplanes helped to reduce the regional difference

A
  • plans to expand heathrow’s 3rd runway
  • government argue money would ‘trickle down’ to the north
  • would be better to expand northern airports
  • concerns over environmental issues
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25
Q

how have improvements to road helped to reduce the regional difference

A

£15 bill project

  • 100 new roads by 2020
  • 1300 miles of new roads
  • creates jobs
  • A1 (from london to edinburgh) NE & South improvements
  • but A1 to scotland road still a single lane
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26
Q

benefits of being in the commonwealth

A
  • employment (provides job opportunities for poorer countires)
  • promotes education (scholarships & bursaries for unis)
  • millitary assitance (training/advice from other countires givej so they can defned themselves)
  • promotes democracy (elections are monitored so are fair & population is represented properly)
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27
Q

what is the commonwealth

A
  • volunary group of 53 counties all once british colonies, rich & poor across the world
  • home to 2.2 billion people
  • gives advice on issues ie human rights & economic development
  • aims to acheive sistainable development
28
Q

how does the EU affect the UK

A
  • financial support for farmers (£18 mill available t uk dairy farmers is 2015 through Common Agricultural Policy)
  • biggest single market in the world (cheap imports/exports as goods/services can move freely btwn states)
  • high unemployment rates in poor EU countries case mass migration of workers to uk (in 2013 200,000 eu migrants came to uk causing competition for housing/ tesion w locals)
29
Q

locate a sustainable place

A

northumberlandia is in northumberland, north east of England

in a 46 acre community park with free public access & 4 miles of footpaths on & around land form

30
Q

what is northumberlandia

A

a human land-form sculptutre of a reclining lady
made of 1.5 mill tonnes of rock/clay/soil
quarter of a mile long; 100 feet high
cost was £3 mill

31
Q

why was northumberlandia built

A
  • blagdon estate & the banks group wanted to dig for coal & fire clay
  • recovering much needed coal for UK energy generation.
  • built as part of the restoration of the adjacent Shotton surface coal mine
  • is an open-shaft mine so they’re trying to cancel out any environmental damage from human activity extracting the coal
32
Q

how is modern industry being more sustainable

A

northumberlandia

  • uses natural resources around them (clay & rock)
  • provides jobs in the short term (mining)
  • providing a use for land damaged by humans
33
Q

name 3 high income countries and say why they have this level of income

A
  • switzerland (good political system)
  • quatar (oil)
  • australia (natural resources/ has cheap labour)
34
Q

name 3 lower income countries and say why they have this level of income

A
  • North Korea (has a dictator)
  • Afghanistan (has war)
  • Nepal (lack of trade & many natural disasters)
35
Q

how would a DECREASED birth rate measure development

A

in richer countries, contraception is more widely used as women want a career before they start a family

36
Q

how would a DECREASED death rate measure development

A

more/better healthcare
less wars
less disease

37
Q

how would a INCREASED people per doctor measure development

A

more educated doctors = more jobs
lower population
better education system and health system

38
Q

what is HDI and what does it use to measure the total

A

human development indicator. it links wealth to health and education
it uses: life expectancy at birth, number of years of education, GNI per head
measure from 0-1 (1 is the highest)

39
Q

what are the linitations of economic/social factors

A
  • a single measure can give a false picture as gives average for whole
  • data may be out of date
  • could be unreliable data bc of corrupt governments
40
Q

how could birth rate be unreliable

A

rich people may have big families:

  • religrious reasons
  • status symbol
  • carry on family business
41
Q

how could life expectancy be unreliable

A 
rich diseases (cholesterol/ obesity)
they cant afford healthcare (america)
42
Q

explain what happens at stage 1 of the demographic model & why

A
  • high death rate
  • population is fairly stable due to:
  • -high infant mortality rate
  • -lots of disease
  • -poor nutrition/hygeine
43
Q

explain what happens at stage 2 of the demographic model & why

A
  • birth rate remains high
  • death rate decreases
  • population starts to grow
  • -people have more than 1 child in case it dies
  • -improved healthcare & hygeine
44
Q

explain what happens at stage 3 of the demographic model & why

A
  • death rate continues to increase
  • birth rate drops rapidly
  • population still grows
  • -better nutrition
  • -industrial revolution
45
Q

explain what happens at stage 4 of the demographic model & why

A
  • low death rate
  • birth rate fluctuates
  • population is fairly stable
  • -women have children at later age (want a job)
  • -improved healthcare & birth control
46
Q

explain what happens at stage 5 of the demographic model & why

A
  • birth rate very low & falls below death rate
  • death rate increases slightly
  • low birth rate
  • total population starts to decrease
  • -widespread birth conrtol
  • -aging population
47
Q

reasons AGREEING quality of life in Nigeria have improved

A

STATS (1990 THEN 2013)

  • overall improvement to life expectancy (46 then 52)
  • increased access to technology (0 then 73 m.phone subscriptions per 100 ppl). so businesses grow as can communicate/trade w rest of world easier
  • secondary school enrollment (%) improved (25 then 44) meaning better job opportunities as been educated properly
48
Q

reasons DISAGREEING quality of life in Nigeria have improved

A

STATS (1990 THEN 2013)

  • less progress in maternal care (44% births attended by skilled health staff in 2010 then 38% 2013)
  • access to sanitation facilities worsened due to overcrowding/slums (in 1990 37% of pop have access then 28% in 2013)
49
Q

what happens in the pre-industrial phase of the Clark fisher model

A

postindustrial places are places which haven’t had their industrial revolution yet

  • most jobs will be agricultural, rarely anything else
  • subsistence farmers (farming to live not sell) will be most of the people’s occupation
  • ie Chad and Sudan
50
Q

what happens in the industrial phase of the Clark fisher model

A

when industrial revolution happens

  • ppl start to migrate from rural to urban areas (urbanisation)
  • industry/factory jobs increase
  • tertiary sector starts to rise & large increase of secondary sector
51
Q

what happens in the post-industrial phase of the Clark fisher model

A

when deindustrialisation is happening:

  • manufacturing jobs decline
  • dominance of service sector jobs
  • standard of living increases
  • wealthy countries ie USA
52
Q

how could infant mortality rate be unreliable

A

genetic diseases may be in rich countries

53
Q

what is the gloabl imbalance around the world

A
  • global imbalance btwn rich & poor ie middle east/parts of africa have lower levels of development/poorer quality of life than richer western countries ie UK/USA
  • imbalances within countries ie considerable poverty in UK & USA & great wealth in poorest countries
54
Q

why are some countires poorer than others

A

HUMAN
-civil war/corrupt governments
-TNCs only invest in well educated countries. no trade = no money & jobs
-colonialism (civil war within the colonies as they were stripped of natural resources & we took ppl as slaves so they don’t know how to fairly rule their country)
PHYSICAL
-type of natural resources (high value ie oil in Qatar/low value commodities ie sugar/coffee in )
-natural hazards
- climate (hot climate so subject to drought = famine, no food & no jobs)
-coastlines/location (landlocked so can trade easy)

55
Q

consequences of uneven development INEQUALITY IN WEALTH

A

-USA has just over 5% of worlds population by 35% of its wealth
- India 16% of worlds population but 2% of its wealth
-

56
Q

consequences of uneven development INEQUALITY IN HEALTH

A

PG 8

57
Q

consequences of uneven development INEQUALITY IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

A

PG 8

58
Q

locate jamaica

A
  • one of the largest islands in the west indies
  • near to the islands of Cuba & Haiti
  • below north america
59
Q

why is Jamaica in need of development

A

all over a long period of time:

  • slow growth of economy
  • debt
  • high unemployment
60
Q

how has Jamaica’s development gap been reduced because of tourism

A
  • 24% of Jamaica’s GDP came from tourism in 2014
  • tourism generated $2 bill per year from tourists as income
  • tourism provides jobs for 200,000 people
  • 2.5 mill tourists per year spend $120 per day
61
Q

explain why tourism has been an appropriate strategy to reduce the development gap in Jamaica

A
  • tourism generates taxes, employment and income
  • this means more money is being spent in local businesses & these people can improve their lifestyle
  • they would then invest this into their local economy again and pay taxes
  • the taxes would be spent improving infrastructure and education reducing the development gap
62
Q

describe the main tourist attractions in Jamaica

A
  • rich cultural heritage
  • warm sunny climate
  • beautiful beaches
63
Q

what problems has tourism brought jamaica

A
  • locals rely on the supply of water to survive but hotels who accommodate tourists are using this supply (tensions with tourists)
  • footpath erosion excessive waste & harmful emmisions
64
Q

describe the distribution of LICs

A
  • concentrated in central Africa

- generally below the Brandt line

65
Q

why would HDI be a more accurate measure of development than any other factor

A
  • its a composite method which combines 3 different indicators (life expectancy, GNI per person and literacy rates)
  • easier to compare with other countries as it is one value (multiple individual values don’t need to be compared separately)
  • smooths out any inequalities

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