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Geography > The Changing Economic World > Flashcards

The Changing Economic World Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Economy?

A

the generation of wealth

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2
Q
  1. What are primary jobs?
  2. What are secondary jobs?
  3. What are tertiary jobs?
  4. What are quaternary jobs?
A
  1. getting raw materials
    e.g. farming, mining, fishing
  2. manufacturing (factories)
  3. services
  4. research + development
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3
Q

What does development mean?

A

How a country becomes more economically and technologically advanced so its people’s quality of life improves
e.g. educational opportunities

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4
Q

What are two different ways that we can classify the world?

A
  1. economy + level of technological advancement
    e.g. commercial agriculture, tertiary + quartenary sector and modern industrial hi-tech industry
  2. quality of life
    e.g. housing, clean water + food and access to healthcare
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5
Q

What is an economic measure of development?

A

GNI (Gross National Income)
= total value of goods + services + investment / by the no. of people in the population

The world bank uses GNI/capita to classify countries

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6
Q

What are the limitations of GNI?

A
  • It accounts only for income in terms of economic development and offers no insight into quality of life
  • It is also an average so it doesn’t show the inequalities in the division of money of a country and so hides information about people who are very rich or very poor
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7
Q

What are features of an LIC?

and examples of one

A
  • lots of primary jobs
  • low quality of life
  • inadequate services
  • few opportunities
  • roughly 30 countries

e.g. Chad, Niger, Somalia

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8
Q

What are features of an NEE?

and examples of one

A
  • rapid economic growth
  • mainly based around the growth factories
  • incomes are growing
  • Q of L is growing

e.g. Russia, Mexico, China

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9
Q

What are features of an HIC?

and examples of one

A
  • large service sector
  • most people have a high standard of living
  • efficient modern industry

e.g. Canada, Australia, UK

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10
Q

What are the 7 social measures of development?

A
  • birth rate
  • death rate
  • infant mortality rate
  • life expectancy
  • people/doctor
  • literacy rate
  • access to clean water
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11
Q

How is birth rate measured?

A

number of births / 1000 of population / year

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12
Q

How is death rate measured?

A

number of deaths / 1000 of population / year

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13
Q

How is infant mortality rate measured?

A

no. of babies under 1 / 1000 live births / year

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14
Q

How is life expectancy measured?

A

average age the people can expect to live to

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15
Q

How is no. of people/doctor measured?

A

number of doctors / number of people

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16
Q

How is literacy rate measured?

A

% of adults who can read + write

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17
Q

How is access to clean water measured?

A

% of people with access to clean water

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18
Q

What are the limitations of the social measures of development?

A

Using just one measure of development can be misleading, and it is often better to use more than one.

For example, Zimbabwe is a LIC, but 84% of people living there can read and write.

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19
Q

What is the Fisher Clark Model?

A

It shows how countries move through three phases: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial

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20
Q

What is the DTM?

A

(Demographic transition model)

A graph that shows how a population and it’s birth rate and death rate changes over time due to its development

  • it has stages 1-5
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21
Q

What happens in stage 1 of the DTM?

A
  • high death rate because of unsanitary living conditions due to low GNI, leading to spread of diseases, poor healthcare
  • high birth rate because need children to work, the mortality rate is high, and lack of investment in contraception
  • low stable population because of the high death rate + high death rate
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22
Q

How many LICs are there globally?

A

Around 30

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23
Q

What are the features of an industrial economy?

A
  • Lots of secondary jobs (factories/manufacturing)
  • improving Q of L
  • increasing technological + economic advancements
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24
Q

What is HDI?
What measures are used to create it?

A

Human development indicator

  1. life expectancy (healthy)
  2. GNI/ capita (wealthy)
  3. literacy rates (wise)

this creates an index which is between 0-1

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25
Q

Draw the Fisher Clark Model
and Draw the DTM

A

link

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26
Q

What are the 3 causes of uneven development?

A
  1. physical factors
  2. historical factors
  3. economic factors (caused by physical + historical)
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27
Q

What is the 1st cause of uneven economic development?

A

1. physical (most important)

  • land locked countries - difficult to trade
  • climate (e.g. tropical) - more dieases (e.g. malaria), so people can’t work or go to school
  • extreme weather (e.g. drought) - less food + water, so people are malnourished and unable to work
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28
Q

What is the 2nd cause of uneven economic development?

A
  1. historical (most important)

colonisation:

  • took raw materials for free - sold manufactured goods at higher price
  • people taken from West Africa to slave trade - took away a generation of workers
  • colonial powers didn’t invest in colonies’ infrastructure, health or education system - unable to develop properly
  • divided up countries with no regard for tribes + ethnic groups - created many civil wars, and money was spent on weapons + people die
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29
Q

What is the 3rd cause of uneven economic development?

A
  1. economic (caused by historical + physical factors)
  • unfair trade agreements benefits HICs
  • LICs trade raw materials - prices fluctuate (e.g. Ghana, 1990 price of cocoa halved), LICs don’t sell for high price, so less money to invest
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30
Q

What are the consequences of uneven development?

A
  • differences in wealth
  • differences in health
  • migration
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31
Q

What is the wealth of the world like:
Since 2009
In 2016

A

Since 2009 the wealth of the top 1% of the world’s richest has been somewhat steadily increasing while the wealth of the bottom 99% was decreasing
In 2016 the wealth of the top 1% and bottom 99% of households in the world had the same amount of wealth

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32
Q

What are the wealthiest regions in the world?
And the least?

A

most: USA + Europe

  • but Europe is about to be overtaken by China
  • their wealth has increased very rapidly
  • in 1980 they had less than 5% of the worlds wealth now is 15%

least: Africa

  • their share of world wealth remains less than 1%
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33
Q

What has happened to the health gap over the last 200 years?

A

it has become much wider

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34
Q

‘There is a very strong correlation between health + wealth’
give evidence for this with facts etc.

A

This is shown in the distribution of children’s deaths which mainly occur in LICs in Africa:

  • In LICs, 40% of deaths are in children under 15.
  • In HICs this is just 1%
  • This is often due to lower respiratory infections (breathing) or diarrhoea or malnutrition
  • but can also be because of diseases like malaria (e.g in 2019, 350,000 died from this disease)
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35
Q

What is an example of migration because of uneven development?
How many ⬆️ people in the UK?
Why did they come?

A

Since 2004 the no. of polish economic migrants to the UK has increased significantly.

There are now over 400,000 Poles in the UK.

They came because of:

  • employment opportunities
  • educational opportunities
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36
Q

What are some however points to migration because of uneven development?

A
  • after Brexit fewer Poles were able to migrate to the UK
  • policies can be put in place to reduce the number of people migrating to a country
  • some people came to escape conflict
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37
Q

Is Kenya an HIC, LIC or NEE?
Where is Kenya?
Why does Kenya attract tourists?

A

It is a LIC in East Africa

It attracts tourists because of it’s
- tribal culture
- safari wildlife
- warm climate
- beautiful unspoilt scenery

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38
Q

How has Kenya’s HDI changed?

A

Between 2000 - 2018 Kenya’s HDI has increased by 30% to 0.579 in 2018

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39
Q

What are socio-economic positives of tourism in Kenya?

A
  • In 2018, travel and tourism grew by 5.9% to contribute $7.51 billion to the Kenyan economy
  • tourism now provides 1.1 million jobs
  • travel and tourism supported 8.8% of the nation’s GDP in 2018 (relatively large %) and as it is expected to continue growing
  • this money can be used to improve the local Q of L by investing in local projects to help education, healthcare, transportation + infrastructure
  • tourism helps reduce dependence on other sections such as agriculture which is unstable
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40
Q

What are environmental positives of tourism in Kenya?

A
  • tourism encourages wildlife conservation efforts
  • forests, game parks, and cultural heritage sites are preserved as potential sources of income, to benefit Kenyan locals
  • 24 National Parks charge entry fees to visitors, the money is used to maintain parks
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41
Q

What are socio-economic negatives of tourism in Kenya?

A
  • Jobs are usually seasonal and often menial
  • employment is unsteady, making it difficult financially
  • big companies bring in experienced workers from home countries meaning that only unskilled low-paying jobs are left for locals
  • government prioritises helping areas that could potentially boost tourism over projects that work towards the general well being of local residents
  • most money that is made doesn’t go to local workers as the big industry players take a large cut. Mostly TNCs whose income does little for the Kenyan economy
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42
Q

What are environmental negatives of tourism in Kenya?

A
  • Tourist visit can disrupt natural wildlife as they are invaded by tourists wanting to take pictures and view the animals
  • some local tribes have been forced out of their land by the government for tourism as the government wishes for their area to be developed to suit tourists needs
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43
Q

What are the 7 development strategies?

A
  • foreign investment
  • industrial development
  • aid
  • fair trade
  • intermediate (appropriate) technology
  • microfinance loans
  • debt relief
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44
Q

What is foreign investment?
(as a development strategy)

A

TNCs set up a business in a foreign country and employ local workers

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45
Q

How does foreign investment help a country develop?

A

A TNC opens in an LIC/NEE and then it is the multiplier effect
e.g.
- a TNC is opened in an LIC/NEE
- creates employment opportunity/jobs
- local businesses that supply the TNC will have more work so will need more staff + become wealthier
- more money is spent in the area in local businesses e.g. shops/cafes
- even more jobs created
- as businesses expand, they pay more tax
- the government have more money which they can invest
- new infrastructure - makes area more attractive to overseas firms
- more TNCs open here

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46
Q

What problems are there with foreign investment?

A
  • a lot of profit is likely to go back to the investers so a lot of the money doesn’t end up going to the country
  • some TNCs set up businesses to access ‘cheap labour pools’ - e.g. no minimum wage/regulations on working conditions so don’t have to pay or treat their workers well
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47
Q

fact for foreign investment

A

In 2020 Shell awarded contracts worth more than $0.8 billion to Nigerian registered businesses

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48
Q

What is industrial development?
(as a development strategy)

A

The building and growing of industries with it in economy (government invests in it’s own country)

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49
Q

How does industrial development help a country develop?

A
  • you can sell manufactured goods for a higher price than raw materials
  • the value of manufactured goods is more stable (fluctuates less) than real materials
  • having more people in the secondary sector were allowed to make more money so they will spend more money, allowing other businesses to make higher profits
  • the government will then earn more in business tax + can spend this money on services - this improves Q of L
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50
Q

What problems are there with industrial development?

A
  • people working in secondary industry must be educated so this development strategy relies on the fact that there must’ve been some investment in education so very undeveloped countries may not be able to use this strategy
  • industrial development also relies on cheap labour pools
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51
Q

fact for industrial development

A

Dangote produces cement for Nigeria which allows building infrastructure to be built and creates new jobs

52
Q

What is Aid?
(as a development strategy)

A

A gift of money, goods or services to a developing country

53
Q

How does Aid help a country develop?

A

Money from aid is spent on services (e.g. education + healthcare), infrastructure (roads + transport links), and food/water.

Population is healthy + well educated + happy:
- so good production at work
- population can work particularly in tertiary sector

Countries can build relationships:
- this enables trade + in turn allows countries to make profit and develop further
- allows countries to get aid in the future

54
Q

What problems are there with Aid?

A
  • creates dependency - prevents businesses from opening which would lead to the multiplier effect (because if people can get services/food for free then why would businesses need to open)
  • countries with corruption or political influence (politicians may choose investment to benefit them not the community)
  • LICs may be tied into unfavourable conditions particularly with bilateral or multilateral aid
55
Q

fact for Aid

A

60 million mosquito nets distributed by World Bank, IMF + US government in Nigeria

56
Q

What is fair trade?
(as a development strategy)

A

The aim is to give better prices and guarantees for the goods farmers produce, protecting their quality of life

57
Q

How does fair trade help a country develop?

A
  • farmers produce is bought for a fair price - so farmers make more profits so have higher incomes and can buy food, shelter and hygiene products - this improves their quality of life
  • there is a minimum wage + so farmers will always be paid as their income must not go below minimum wage - so farmers incomes are stable so they are always guaranteed this - so increases their quality of life
  • some of the profits made by farmers must go to social premium - so there is an investment in local services
58
Q

What problems are there with fair trade?

A

The products made by farmers are more expensive which may put off customers in HICs from buying them.

So HICs may buy fewer products from farmers so their incomes still decrease.

Some products market themselves as ‘fair trade’ without the official logo. They have created their own unofficial meaning (which may not protect workers rights).

59
Q

fact for fair trade

A

In 2017 alone, Ben and Jerrys paid $3.4 million in fair trade premium to small-scale farmers around the world

60
Q

What is intermediate/appropriate technology?
(as a development strategy)

A

When government invests in the appropriate technology needed to solve a local problem
it is technology that the local community can take ownership of and use which uses local materials and knowledge

61
Q

How does intermediate/appropriate technology help a country develop?

A
  • It involves community so not reliant on HICs
  • it gives the community new skills
  • it allows communities to make long-term improvements to their quality of life
62
Q

What problems are there with intermediate/appropriate technology?

A

These projects are very small scale so they benefit very few people (they are often in rural areas) so they are not a single solution for everyone.

These projects may only solve very specific problems.

63
Q

fact for intermediate/appropriate technology

A

Floating Gardens - taught how to make using local/natural resources in Bangladesh

64
Q

What are microfinance loans?
(as a development strategy)

A

When you give small loans to individuals. and These individuals can do what they want with the money and are often woman. They must pay the money back.

65
Q

How do mirofinance loans help a country develop?

A
  • Can reduce gender inequality as women (who may not be able to open bank accounts or may be obligated to give their wealth to their husbands/don’t have control over their money) often receive these loans
  • these loans allow people to start businesses which will provide them with an income and in turn a higher quality of life
66
Q

What problems are there with microfinance loans?

A
  • Individuals are left with debt (but hopefully their business takes off and they are able to pay off the rest and still make a profit)
  • small-scale solutions unless many loans are distributed
  • no guarantee that businesses will be successful
  • individuals may misuse their money or not know how to use it in order to create a successful business to earn them more money later
67
Q

fact for microfinance loans

A

The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh have loaned a total of $27 billion to 8.4million people in Bangladesh and 97% of these people are women

68
Q

What is debt relief?
(as a development strategy)

A

cancelling the debt of a country

69
Q

How does debt relief help a country develop?

A

If a country doesn’t have to pay their debt they can instead spend that money on investment in resources, services and infrastructure

This will improve the quality of life of the population

70
Q

What problems are there with debt relief?

A
  • HICs often only cancel the depts of heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs) but, other countries also have debt, which will stunt their development
  • Many countries may have had to take out new loans since their debt relief
71
Q

Fact for debt relief

A

In 2015, 36 countries have a debt cancelled by IMF

or

New loans to HIPC has increased by 40% since 2005

72
Q

Give an example of the multiplier effect

A
  • a TNC is opened in an LIC/NEE
  • creates employment opportunity/jobs
  • local businesses that supply the TNC will have more work so will need more staff + become wealthier
  • more money is spent in the area in local businesses e.g. shops/cafes
  • even more jobs created
  • as businesses expand, they pay more tax
  • the government have more money which they can invest
  • new infrastructure - makes area more attractive to overseas firms
  • more TNCs open there
73
Q

Basics of Nigeria:
GNI/capita?
Population?
Location?
Borders?
Capital?

A

GNI/capita: $5,700 (USD)
Population: over 200 mill
Location: West Africa
Borders: Cameroon, Niger, Benin, Chad
Capital: Abuja (in the centre of Nigeria)

74
Q

Why is Abuja the capital city?

A
  • to make it a more neutral position
  • to encourage movement away from Lagos
  • to take away some power from the south
75
Q

Why is Nigeria important regionally?

A
  • Promotes collaboration between nations - leading role in creation of African union
  • Peacekeeping role in west Africa - leading role in creation of ECOWAS
  • Largest economy on the continent - annual output of $430 billion (2022) - influence as it is richer
76
Q

Why is Nigeria important globally?

A
  • Important global peacekeeping - 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions (UN 2014)
  • Important in global trade
  • Important in global energy supply - 12th largest oil producer
  • Important in global culture - Nigeria has the second largest film industry in the world (Nollywood)
77
Q

What is an assessment of Nigeria’s importance overall?

A
  • Nigeria is important within Africa as it is one of the most developed countries in Africa (largest economy on the continent)
  • Nigeria holds power with trade and power supply
  • However, globally it’s less importance as it is still much less developed than many countries outside Africa
  • For example : life expectancy is only 55, maternal mortality rates are extremely high (600/100,000 live births) and at least 10 million children do not go to school
78
Q

What is the environmental context of Nigeria?

A
  • In the North of Nigeria there is desert (hot + dry) and so there is less water and there are problems with desertification
  • Then going more south there is Savannah (which is semi arid - dry + hot)
  • then next going more south there is the highlands (cooler + wet) which are fertile and are cash crops so there’s lots of wealth created there
  • then, more south, there’s a tropical rainforest (hot + wet) and so there is problems with deforestation
  • then right at the south of Nigeria there is the Delta region and so alluvium is deposited there so it’s more fertile
  • There are major rivers in Nigeria e.g. Niger River and Benue River
  • The rivers create a natural boundary for ethnic groups
  • In the south there is the Niger Delta where the oil is found
79
Q

What is the political context of Nigeria?

A

In the north there is poverty and literacy is worse.
Much of terror is caused by Boko Haram against Muslims is in the North.

The south is more developed by colonisers.

80
Q

What is the social context of Nigeria?

A
  • 250+ major ethnic groups
  • 4 main ethnic groups are: Ijaw, Hausa + Fulani, Igbo, Yoruba
  • there is a growing population so they will need to manage ethnic divisions + oil revenue
  • Hausa + Fulani is in the North
  • Yoruba is in the West
  • Igbo is in the East
  • Ijaw is in the South
  • Ijaw has influence over politics just to control of oil feilds
81
Q

What is the cultural context of Nigeria?

A
  • The south is mainly Christian which is linked to colonisation
  • the North is mainly Muslim

There is a large global cultural influence:

Music - Burna Boy + Fela Kuti
Nollywood - it is the 2nd largest film industry after Hollywood
Art - Yinka Shonibare
Writers - Chimamanda Adichie (global bestseller) + Bernadine Evaristo (Booker prize winner)
Long history of cultural influence - Benin bronzes + Nok terracottas

82
Q

Make a timeline of important parts of Nigeria’s history

A

1850s - Nigeria a British colony
1960 - became independent from Britain + there was political instability (bc ruled by dictators) continued…
1967 - 1970 - Civil War (2 million died)
1998 - political instability stops + Nigeria becomes a democracy
2001 - the rise of Boko Haram
2015 - now - “free + fair” elections

83
Q

How has the political context since 1998 benefitted Nigeria?

A

More countries would want to invest if they become more stable which benefits Nigeria

84
Q

What are examples of terrorist acts by Boko Haram?

A
  • capturing an army base and killing 100s of civilians
  • kidnapped 270 high school students
85
Q

What does Boko Haram want?
Where do they operate in Nigeria?

A

Want: to replace Nigeria’s democratic government with an extremist view
Operate: out of the north eastern states where most people are in poor muslim communities

86
Q

How has the presence of Boko Haram in Nigeria hindered economic development?

A
  • much of the money goes to Boko Haram and not into development
  • money is spent on weapons and not on development
87
Q

Describe the urbanisation of Nigeria since the 1990s

A
  • In the 1990s, Nigeria was mainly an agricultural society
  • Today over 50% of the country’s GDP comes from secondary + tertiary
  • This reflects the rapid urbanisation which Nigeria has experienced
  • The largest percentage of people still work in agriculture (30.5%) but that is closely followed by retail, repair + maintenance
88
Q

Who is the richest person in Africa?
give details

A

Dangote is Africa’s richest person

He founded Dangote cement, one of Nigeria’s largest companies. Cement is in growing demand in Africa because it is more urbanised so more roads and infrastructure (housing, hospitals etc) are being built

89
Q

Give a fact about Arts + Entertainment + Nollywood

A

1.8% of the population work in the arts and entertainment sector.

Nollywood is Nigeria’s film industry and is the second largest in the world after Hollywood.

90
Q

Give facts about oil + gas in Nigeria

A
  • Oil and gas, which was discovered in the 1950s, is a vital part of the Nigerian economy.
  • It accounts for 75% of its export earnings.
  • It has helped Nigeria to move from an LIC to an NEE.
  • However there are many negatives to this industry and so has not stimulated as much economic development as you might expect.
91
Q

How can the manufacturing industry stimulate economic development?

A

The multiplier effect

92
Q

What is a TNC?

A

Transnational corporation
which is a foreign company
- creates jobs by building factories and offices
- is attracted to NEEs/LICs because there is usually low minimum wages so it’s cheap labour

93
Q

How have TNCs helped Nigeria?
How many are there in Nigeria?

A

TNCs have played a large role in Nigeria’s economic growth. There are about 40 TNCs in Nigeria mostly from Europe and USA although increasingly they are from Asia.

94
Q

What are advantages of TNCs in Nigeria?

A
  • TNCs create employment (jobs)
  • TNCs help create wealth for the host country
  • TNCs benefit other local businesses
  • TNCs provide goods to the host country
95
Q

What are disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria?

A
  • Workers open paid low wages and work in poor conditions
  • The profits often leave the country and return to the source country
  • The government invests money in subsidies to attract firms which could be spent on services and local people, such as healthcare
  • Firms can negatively impact the host country
96
Q

What is an example of a TNC in Nigeria?

A

Shell

97
Q

What are advantages of Shell?

A
  • 2,500 jobs created
  • better security of income
  • more disposable income
  • local businesses make more money
  • shell have invested in community health + education in the area
  • improvements to local transport
98
Q

What are disadvantages of Shell?

A
  • Management positions oven give to people from other countries
  • oil wealth has provoked armed conflict
  • oil spills (Bodo region) have caused conflict and resentment, have ruined fisherman’s livelihood, caused serious damage to the local ecosystem + lead to water pollution
99
Q

What are Nigeria’s trade relationships like?

A

-Nigeria’s trade relationships have changed over time
- from trade with Britain + Portugal before colonisation to close links with Britain as part of its empire
- now Nigeria’s main trade partners are Brazil, China, India, Japan, the US and the EU
- Nigeria also plays an important role in ECOWAS, a trade bloc of 15 countries encouraging economic cooperation in the region
- these changing trade relationships reflect the change in political relationships as Nigeria became a British colony and then an independent nation and a regional leader in west Africa
- Nigeria is still linked to Britain through the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of countries which were once part of the British Empire

100
Q

How has Nigeria’s trading changed from 2000-2021?

A

U.K.’s share of Nigeria’s total imports in 2000 was 9.8%, this decreased to 2.8% in 2021, there was a change of 7%.

China’s share of Nigeria’s total imports in 2000 was 5.9% this increased to 35.5% in 2021, there was a change of 29. 6%

Nigeria’s new main trading partner is China

101
Q

What are the different types of international aid?
give a fact
create in a spider map

A

link

102
Q

What is a fact to do with international aid in Nigeria?

A

The World Bank donated 60 million mosquito nets to Nigeria between 2009 and 2013

  • this is to help prevent malaria which means the Nigerian government has a smaller healthcare bill
  • so they have more money to invest in other sectors of economy like industry which may help the economy grow
  • also local people would be healthier and able to work for longer thus improving their own wages
  • this means they will pay more taxes so the Nigerian government has no money to invest leading to the multiplier effect
103
Q

What are environmental impacts of the oil industry?

A
  • killed mangoes
  • killed most/all biodiversity
  • killed fish
  • crude oil everywhere
  • vegetation dies + cannot grow back
  • air pollution from glass flares
  • acid rain
104
Q

What is the most serious impact of oil spills?

A

The impact on people is the worst because of loss of fish so people have no income/food so there is cycle of deprivation to be become very poor

105
Q

How are the environmental impacts of the oil industry linked to economic impact?

A
  • killed fish so no income from fishing
  • no fish so can’t eat it so have to spend money on other food
  • vegetation dies and cannot grow back so farmers also lose income and can’t eat food grown so have to buy elsewhere
  • pay to clean up oil spill - very expensive
  • children can’t go to school because parents can’t afford it
106
Q

What are the impacts of economic development on quality of life?

A
  • clean water - time not spent collecting, can be in school/work, more money
  • sanitation - healthier, more money
  • higher paid jobs - more money
  • roads + transport - get to jobs/school quicker, more money
  • education - higher jobs, more money
  • healthcare - fewer sick, more work, more money
107
Q

How has the UK economy changed?

A
  • Before the industrial revolution, the majority of the UK worked in agriculture
  • By 1881 this has changed and the majority worked in factories/manufacturing
  • industries like shipbuilding and iron and steel flourished in south Wales and the north.
  • This was because the coal mines were there so cold could be easily transported to factories (as coal powered factories)
  • in 2011 more than 81% of people worked in services
108
Q

What is a post industrial economy?

A

An economy where most people work in the service sector (tertiary) or quaternary sector

109
Q

What are the three causes of industrial change?

A
  1. Deindustrialisation - factories closing because of increasing comp. and mechanisation
  2. Government policy – government making laws or joining trade blocks
  3. Globalisation – countries becoming more interconnected and interdependent
110
Q

What is globalisation?

A

Globalisation describes the way in which the world has become more interconnected. Globalisation has led to an increase in world trade, foreign investment, communication between different countries and the sharing of ideas.

111
Q

What are the pros of globalisation?

A
  • Increased trade with more countries. The UK can now trade widely in sectors like the financial sector which means that we can get richer. The UK economy grows by 1-2%/ year, mainly due to global trade.
  • Cheaper goods and services because in other countries, the minimum wage is lower so goods can be made cheaper and bought for cheaper.
  • The UK now specialises in high-value production because we can still pay high labour costs and be competitive in the world market.
112
Q

What are the cons of globalisation?

A
  • Less manufacturing occurs. This means that factories close and people in the UK lose their jobs, or wages are lowered to compete with the rest of the world.
  • Inequality increases because many of the industrial areas in the UK were in the north. These people usually are not educated so they find it hard to find jobs.
113
Q

What is deindustrialisation?

A

A decrease in the amount of manufacturing and heavy industry (e.g. oil, coal, steel) taking place in a country and a growth in the tertiary and quaternary sectors

114
Q

When did deindustrialisation start in the UK?

A

1970s

115
Q

Where has British manufacturing moved to?

A

LICs and NEEs

116
Q

What are two reasons why there’s been a global shift in manufacturing?

A
  1. A global shift in manufacturing to NEEs and LICs such as China, where wages are lower, working hours are longer and trade unions are sometimes banned. So most factories are no longer needed as they can get cheaper goods from abroad.
  2. An increase in the number of machines used to carry out work. This is called mechanisation so people lost jobs.
117
Q

What is the history of the coal mining industry?

A
  • 20th century – number of coal mines went from 3,000 to 30
  • The last deep coal mine closed in 2015
118
Q

Why did all the coal mines close?

A
  • It was cheaper to import foreign energy than mine our own
  • UK wants to move towards renewable energy (but we still buy cheaper coal from places like China)
119
Q

Which areas were particularly affected by the deindustrialisation of the coal mining industry?

A
  • Shipbuilding, textiles and steel
  • Lots of our ship building brackets (like in Newcastle + Sunderland) went to South Korea and China
120
Q

Government policies

A
121
Q
A
122
Q
A
123
Q
A
124
Q

What is a post-industrial economy?

A

A post-industrial economy is where the manufacturing industry (secondary) has been replaced with service industries or quaternary jobs

125
Q

Part of being a post-industrial economy is developing what three sectors?

A
  • IT sector
  • Service sector
  • Research sector
126
Q

How has the IT sector affected our economy?

A
  • Computers can store and process vasts amounts of information very quickly
  • In the UK, over 1.3 million people work in the IT sector
  • Mobile devices such as smart phones enable information to be accessed almost anywhere
  • The Internet and use of computers enables people to work from home and to be self employed
127
Q

How is the service industry affected our economy?

A

Geography (7 decks)

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