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Geography - Basics > The Changing Economic World > Flashcards

The Changing Economic World Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an LIC

A

Low income country - focused on agriculture

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2
Q

What are NEEs

A

Newley emerging economies - higher rate of development with a rapid growth industry

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3
Q

What are HICs

A

High income countries - economy based on industry and finance

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4
Q

What is GNI

A

Gross national income - total value of goods and services produced by a country + the money earned from or paid to other countries

.measured per capita

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5
Q

What are the limitations of using GNI

A

Shows an average - high inequality
Doesnt show quality of life

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6
Q

What is HDI

A

Human development index
Links health to wealth and education
Shows how far people benefit from a countries economic growth

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7
Q

What does HDI measure

A

Life expectancy at birth
Number of years in education
GNI per head

Measured between 1 and 0

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8
Q

What is the standard of living

A

Degree of wealth and material comfort of an identifiable group of people
(City/ country / culture)

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9
Q

What is the quality of life

A

The level of health comfort and happiness of and an identifiable group of people

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10
Q

What are demographics

A

The study of people

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11
Q

What does the demographic transition model show

A

Natural increase + decrease
Birth rate + death rate
Total population

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12
Q

What does the DTM look like at each stage

A

1) high birth and death rate (fluctuating) low populatiin (e.g amazon tribe)

2) death rate decreases but birth rate stays high, population grows (e.g Haiti)

3) Birth rate rapidly drops, death rate continues to decrease but slower, population is still growing but not as fast (e.g India)

4) low birth and death rate, birth and death rate fluctuates depending on the economic situation (e.g uk)

5) Birth rate very low, death rate above birth rate. Total population decreases (e.g Japan)

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13
Q

What happens in stage 1 of the DTM

A

High fluctuating birth and death rates
Low overall population
(Due to disease and famine)

E.g rainforest tribes)

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14
Q

What happens in stage 2 of the DTM

A

Death rate decreases (access to medicine)
Birth rate remains high
Population grows
Population grows rapidly

E.g haiti

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15
Q

What happens in stage 3 of the DTM

A

Birth rate rapidly drops (less people having kids - people having less kids)
Death rate continues to decrease but slower
Population still grows

E.g Kenya

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16
Q

What happens in stage 4 of the DTM

A

Low birth rate
Low death rate
Fluctuating birth and death rate

Population stays the same

E.g uk

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17
Q

What happens in stage 5 of the DTM

A

Birth rate is very low
Death rate increases over the death rate (aging population)
Total population decreases

E.g Japan

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18
Q

Who are dependents

A

People who depend on other foe support
People aged 0-14 and over 65

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19
Q

What main factors causes uneven development

A

Physical - landlocked countries cant trade efficiently as they have no seas

Economic - HICs buy cheap raw materials from LICs so price stays low

Historical - colonised countries left in disarray, like libya which has become corrupt (civil war in 2011)

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20
Q

What is a disparity

A

A inequality or difference between two things

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21
Q

What is malaria

A

A life threatening disease transmitted to people through mosquitos

In africa every minute 1 child dies from malaria
80% of malaria deaths are African children

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22
Q

Why is malaria more prevalent in tropical countries

A

Mosquitos breed in water - needing tropical conditions

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23
Q

How is health and wealth linked

A

Countries with low life expectancies dont have the money to invest in healthcare - therefore it has a low development

24
Q

What is an immigrant

A

A person who moves into a country

25
Q

What is an Emigrant

A

Someone who moves out of a country

26
Q

What are reasons people might migrate

A

Better education / healthcare (pullfactor)
War and poverty (push factor)
Better jobs / standard of living (pull factor)

27
Q

What is a displaced person

A

A person forced to move from their home but stays in their country

28
Q

What is a refugee

A

A person forced to move from their country due to a civil war or natural disasters

29
Q

What is an economic migrant

A

Person who moves voluntarily seeking out a better life (better paid jobs / benefits like education)

30
Q

What are the main types of aid

A

Long term - sustainable aid / improves resistance

Short term - emergency aid

Tied - given with certain conditions

Voluntary - donated by the public or NGOs

Multilateral - money given to an organisation which then redistributes it

Bilateral - one country to another

31
Q

Strategies for reducing the development gap: investment

A

Helps build industries and architecture
Creates a multiplier effect
China invested $43 billion into Africa

Limitation - economic leakage (back to investor)

32
Q

Strategies for reducing the development gap: industrial development

A

Development of natural resources (oil) leads to an increase in wealth

Malaysia invested in the manufacturing sector - now one of the most richest countries in east asia

Limitations - contamination of air water and soil - leads to a decrease in life expectancy

33
Q

Strategies for reducing the development gap: tourism

A

Generates lots of money
Generates new jons

Mediterranean countries invest in beaches as more would want to visit them
30% of the bahamas GDP is made from tourism

Limitation - events like COVID which prevent travel

34
Q

Strategies for reducing the development gap: aid

A

Giving aid helps improve living conditions and can be in the form of: money, food skills, technology and emergency supplies

E.g uk gave Pakistan £338 million in 2013

Limits
Money is easy to steal and is put on areas less needed

35
Q

Strategies for reducing the development gap: intermediate tech

A

Sustainable tech appropriate to the needs skills knowledge and the country
Small scale products (often cheap and easy to use) for agriculture or health

Limitations:
Technology may not work as planned

36
Q

Strategies for reducing the development gap:bfair trade

A

Ensures the farmer gets the money for the sale of his crops.
Crops must be selected in a sustainable way.
90% of coffee farmers in eastern uganda are fair trade

Limitations - product costs more so it is bought less frequently

37
Q

Strategies for reducing the development gap: debt relief

A

In 2005 the world richest countries cancelled the debt of 18 highly indebted poor countries.

For this to occur the country must:
Not to be corrupt , can manage finances , agree to spend the money in health education and reducing poverty

Limitations
Misuses finances / environmental and local workers may have reduced wages

38
Q

Strategies for reducing the development gap: microfinance loans

A

Small scale support from banks to help the poor
Enables families or individuals to build up small businesses and become self sufficient
When businesses thrive employment and opportunities increase and income rises

Examples include taking a loan to buy a village phone.
They can then charge the villagers to use it (for checking prices of food ect)

Limitaions
High interest rate / repay criteria / loan amount

39
Q

What happens in the primary sector

A

Raw minerals are extracted (e.g.mining and farming)

40
Q

What happens in the secondary sector

A

Manufacturing and assembly of new technology

41
Q

What happens in the tertiary sector

A

Commercial services that supports the production of distribution process

42
Q

What happens in the quaternary sector

A

Industry based on human knowledge - involves research and technology

43
Q

What is the multiplier effect

A

The economy is increasing and as it increases it begins to increase at a greater rate
New jobs = more employed = more taxes = more development = more job opportunities

44
Q

What are TNCs

A

Trans national corporations - large companies that operate in several countries

45
Q

What are NGOs

A

Non-governmental organisations

46
Q

What are squatters settlements

A

An area of poor quality (often illegal) housing.
It lacks services like sewage and electricity

47
Q

What is de-industrialisation

A

The decline in industry and manufacturing → growth in the tertiary sector

48
Q

What is globalisation

A

The growth and spread of ideas, cultures, goods and information around the world

49
Q

What is a post industrial economy

A

An economy where manufacturing declines and is replaced by the service sector and development in the quaternary sector

50
Q

What is a science park

A

Purpose-built clusters of office spaces, labs, workrooms and meeting areas designed to support research and development in science and technology

51
Q

Where are science parks located

A

Outskirts of a town (cheaper land / more space / good transport links)

Close to prestigious universities

Pleasant environment -loat of greenery- pleasent place to live

52
Q

Where is one science park in the uk

A

Cambridge

53
Q

What are business parks

A

Groups of buildings on the edges of towns solely built for concentration of offices, commerce and business enterprises

54
Q

Where are business parks located

A

On the edge of towns
They have good transport links - like crossways which is next to the m25

55
Q

What is counter-urbanisation

A

People leaving cities to live in the countryside for a better life

56
Q

What is green belt

A

Areas between cities and countryside - used to protect rural areas

57
Q

Why do people move to the countryside

A

More affordable housing, nicer natural landscape

Geography - Basics (6 decks)

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