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Geography > The Changing Economic World > Flashcards

The Changing Economic World Flashcards

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1
Q

What is GNI?

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.
GNI per capita is when GNI is divided by the population.

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2
Q

Define birth rate.

A

The number of live births per thousand of the population per year.

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3
Q

Define death rate.

A

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.

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4
Q

Define infant mortality rate.

A

The number of babies who die before they are one year old per thousand babies born.

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5
Q

Define literacy rate.

A

The percentage of adults who can read and write.

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6
Q

Define life expectancy.

A

The average age a person can expect to live to.

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7
Q

What is the limitation of GNI per capita?

A
  • It is an average so there could be a few extremely wealthy people and many poor people (e.g. Qatar).
  • Subsistence farming and informal employment don’t count towards GNI but are a large sector in LICs.
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8
Q

What are the limitations of social indicators?

A

As a country develops some aspects develop before others.
E.g. Cuba has a low birth rate but a high death rate.

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9
Q

What is development?

A

The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, human welfare and the use of technology.

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10
Q

What is an NEE?

A

A country that has begun to experience high rates of economic development usually with rapid industrialisation.

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11
Q

What is the Human Development Index?

A

A development measurer that combines life expectancy, literacy and income.

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12
Q

How can collected data be unreliable?

A
  • People lie
  • Conflict/disasters prevent data collection
  • Rapid migration makes it hard to know how many people live on a place and how much they earn
  • The value of currencies change every day
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13
Q

What is the demographic transition model?

A

How a country’s population characteristics change through its development.

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14
Q

Describe Stage 1 of the DMT.

A

Least developed
High birth rate
High death rate

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15
Q

Describe Stage 2 of the DTM.

A

Not very developed (LICs)
High birth rate
Economy based on agriculture so need lots of children
Better healthcare so death rates fall

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16
Q

Describe Stage 3 of the DTM.

A

More developed (NEEs)
Birth rates fall as women work and education on contraception
Manufacturing instead of agriculture so fewer children needed
Improved healthcare means higher life expectancy and lower death rate

17
Q

Describe Stages 4 and 5 of the DTM.

A

Most developed (HICs)
Low birth rates
High standard of living
Less children as money needed to care for elderly
Good healthcare so high life expectancy and low death rate

18
Q

What are the physical causes of global inequalities?

A
  • Extreme climates = hard to grow food
  • Unproductive land for farming (e.g. too steep)
  • Limited water supplies
  • Frequent natural hazards
  • Limited natural resources
  • Landlocked
19
Q

What are the economic causes of global inequalities?

A
  • Rapid population growth putting pressure in resources
  • Trade imbalance and reliance on primary resources which fluctuate
  • International debt
20
Q

What are the historic causes of uneven development?

A
  • Corrupt governments
  • War and conflicts (e.g. Syria’s HDI went down from 0.65 in 2008 to 0.54 in 2016)
  • Colonialism
21
Q

What are the consequences of uneven development?

A
  • Within countries there can be big differences in wealth and this can impact people’s standard of living.
  • The lack adequate healthcare means more people die of diseases that could be easily treated in HICs.
  • International migration causes workers to contribute to the HIC’s economy rather than the LIC they have left behind. Over 130000 people legally move from Mexico to the USA each year in search of better paid jobs and a higher quality of life.
  • Countries become reliant on HICs for aid and become in debt
22
Q

What are the seven different ways of reducing the development gap?

A

Investment
Aid
Fair trade
Intermediate technology
Micro finance loans
Industrial development
Debt relief

23
Q

Why has Tunisia become a popular tourist attraction?

A
  • Mediterranean climate
  • Former French colony so French is widely spoken
  • 7 UNESCO world heritage sites
  • Tunisian governments worked with travel agencies to develop cheap holiday packages
24
Q

What have been the positive impacts of tourism in Tunisia?

A
  • Life expectancy increases from 42 in 1960 to 75
  • Economic benefits through multiplier effect - more money being locally spent
  • Literacy rates increased and more jobs created
25
Q

What have been the negative impacts of tourism in Tunisia?

A
  • Tourism can fluctuate (terrorist attacks meant that European governments said Tunisia is not safe for tourists)
  • Beach pollution
  • Leakage of profits
26
Q

What is Nigeria’s history?

A

Since independence from British colonial rule in 1960, Nigeria progressed through civil war and dictatorships.

27
Q

How has the employment structure in Nigeria changed?

A
  • Fastest growing African economy
  • Change from agricultural to industrial
  • Telecommunications and retail have increased
28
Q

What is Nigeria’s culture?

A
  • Nollywood
  • 500 ethnic groups
29
Q

What is the Gini coefficient?

A

A ratio with values from 0 to 1. A gini coefficient of 0 would mean that everyone in a place had the same income.

30
Q

Why is industrial development important?

A
  • Overproduction: too many countres growing the same crop pushes down prices globally
  • Import taxes: the EU protects its own farmers by putting tarifs on imported goods. Farmers in non-EU countries will find it harder to sell their goods for a good price
31
Q

How does investment from TNCs help NEEs and LICs?

A

Local people are employed
A multiplier effect happens as investment from TNCs allows other businesses to thrive so more people get work and more tax is payed to the government to improve other sectors

32
Q

Why do TNCs invest in other countries?

A

Reducing transport and import costs
Cheap labour
Tax evasion
Fewer environmental laws to follow

33
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of TNCs?

A
  • Bring new investment into the country’s economy
  • Provide jobs
  • Bring new skills
  • ## Provide new technology
  • Take profits out of the country
  • Lower wages than in HICs
  • Environmental damage and depletes natural resources

Geography (4 decks)

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