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Geography > The Challenges Of Natural Hazards > Flashcards

The Challenges Of Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Define what the crust is

A

Varies in thickness (5-10km) beneath the ocean. Made up of several plates

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2
Q

Define what the mantle is

A

Widest layer (2900km thick). the heat and pressure means the rock is in a liquid state of convection

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3
Q

Define inner and outer core

A

Hottest section (5000 degrees). Mostly made of iron and nickel ans is 4x denser than the crust. Inner section is solid whereas outer layer is liquid

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4
Q

what is an ash cloud

A

small peices of pulverised rock glass which are thrown into the atmosphere

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5
Q

what is gas

A

sulphr dioxide, water vapour and carbon dioxide come out of the volcano

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6
Q

what is lahar

A

a volcanic mudflow which usually runs down a valley side on the volcano

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7
Q

what is pyroclastic flow

A

a fast moviing current of super heated gas and ash (1000 degrees). They travel at 450mph

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8
Q

what is a volcanic bomb

A

A thick (viscous) lava fragment that is ejected from the volcano

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9
Q

what are some warning signs that a volcano is going to occur

A
  • small earthquakes are caused as magma rises up
  • temperatures around the volcano rise as activity increases
  • when a volcano is close to erupting it starts to release gas
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10
Q

what are some monitioring techniques of managing a volcano eruption

A
  • seismometres are used to detect earthquakes
  • thermal imaging and satelite cameras can be used to detect heat around a volcano
  • gas samples may be taken and chemical sensors used to measure sulphur levels
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11
Q

how should someone prepare for a volcano eruption

A
  • creating an exclusion zone around the volcano
  • being ready and able to evacuate residents
  • having an emergency supply of basic provisions, such as food
  • trained emergency services and a good communication system
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12
Q

WAYS PEOPLE ARE ABLE TO PREDICT AN EARTHQUAKE

DEFINE PREDICTION

A
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13
Q

satellite surveying

A

tracks changes in the earths surface

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14
Q

laser reflector

A

surveys movement across fault lines

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15
Q

radon gas sensor

A

radon gas is released when plates moves so this finds that

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16
Q

seismometer

A

no real definition

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17
Q

water table level

A

water levels fluctuate before an earthquake

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18
Q

seismic records

A

to predict when next earthquake will occur

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19
Q

name three methods to reduce potential damage of an earhtquake

A
  • building earthquake- resistant building
  • raising public awareness
  • improving earthquake prediction
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20
Q

define natural hazard

A

A natural hazard is a natural process which could cause death,injury or disruption to humans, property and possessions

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21
Q

define geological hazard

A

these are hazards caused by land and tectonic processes

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22
Q

define meterological hazard

A

hazards caused by weather and climate

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23
Q

how are earthquakes caused?

A

when 2 plates become locked causing friction to build up.from this tress, pressure will be released triggering the plates to move into a new position. this movemment causes energy in the form of seismic waves to travel from the focus towards the epicentre. the crust then vibrates causing an earthquake.

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24
Q

HIC- L’aquila, Italy 2009 causes

A

african plate colliding with the eurasian plate
6.3 on richter scasle
7km north west of L’aquila
tremors felt as far away as rome

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25
Q

effects- L’aquila

A 
290 kiled
1500 injured
70,000 left homeless
historical buildings destroyed
88,000 unemployed
$15 billion damage
28,000 students couldn't study at uni
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26
Q

management- L’aquila

A 
hotels provided 10,000 with shelter
40,000 tents given out
red cross searched for survivours
prime minister offered homes as temporary shelters
stuudents offered free tuition
EU gave $552.9 million
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27
Q

LIC- NEPAL 2014 causes

A

7.9 on richter scale
epicentre= 80km north west of kathmandu in foothills of himilayas
destructive plate margin with indo-australian plate and eurasian plate
15km below surface (shallow focus)

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27
Q

LIC- NEPAL 2014 causes

A

7.9 on richter scale
epicentre= 80km north west of kathmandu in foothills of himilayas
destructive plate margin with indo-australian plate and eurasian plate
15km below surface (shallow focus)

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28
Q

nepal effects

A 
9000 died
20,000 injured
3million homeless
electricity and water supplies effected 
1.4 million without food, water and shelter
7000 schools destroyed
cost $5 billion
50% shops destroyed
29
Q

nepal management

A 
search and rescue teams
water and medical support
500,000 tents set up
financial help pledged bt countries
feild hospitals set up 
reads repaired
landslides cleared
homeless rehoused
toursim boosted
30
Q

convection currents

A

the crust is divided into tectonic plates which are moving due to convection currents in the mantle

30
Q

convection currents

A

the crust is divided into tectonic plates which are moving due to convection currents in the mantle

31
Q

covection currents how it happens.

A
  1. radioactive decay- generates a lot of heat from some elements in mantle
  2. when lower parts of the mantle molten rock heat up, they become less dense and slowly rise
  3. as they move towards the top they cool down become more dense then slowly sink
  4. these circular movements of semi-molten rock are convection currents
  5. convection currents create drag on the base of tectonic plates and this causes them to move
32
Q

types of plate margin- destructive

A

when denser plate subducts beneath other friction causes it to melt and becom =e molten magma which forces its way up to the surface and froms a volcano also causes earthquakes

33
Q

types of plate margin- constructive

A

2 plates moving apart causing new magma to reach surfacw through gap created. volcanoes are fromed along this crack form submarine mountain range (mid atlantic ridge)

34
Q

types of plate margin- conservative

A

plates slide past each other in opposite directions or in same direction just at different speeds. responsible for earthquaks (eg: san andreas fault USA)

35
Q

atmospheric circulation meaning

A

large scale movement of air by which heat is distributed on the surface of the earth

36
Q

hadley cell definition

A

largest cell which extends from the equator to between 30/ 40 degrees north&south

37
Q

ferrel cell definition

A

middle cell where air flows poleward between 60&70 degrees latitude

38
Q

polar cell definition

A

smallest and weakness cell that occurs from the poles to the ferrel cell

39
Q

what do scientists believe is having an impact on global warming and why?

A

frequency and strength of tropical storms. due to and increase in ocean temperatures

40
Q

management of tropical storms-protection

A

preparig for a tropical storm may invole construction projects that improves protection

41
Q

management of tropical storms- aid

A

assisting after storm

42
Q

management of tropical storms-development

A

the scale of the impacts depends on wether the country has resources to cope with the storm

43
Q

management of tropical storms- planning

A

geting people and emergency services ready to deal with impacts

44
Q

management of tropical storms- prediction

A

constant monitoring can help give advanced warning of a storm

45
Q

management of tropical storms- education

A

teaching others about what to do in a tropical storm

46
Q

distribution of tropical storms

A

occur in band that lies roughly 5-15 degrees either side of the equator

47
Q

low pressure meaning

A

caused by hot rising air causes stromy cloudy weather

48
Q

high pressure meaning

A

caused by cold air sinking causes clear and calm weather

49
Q

formation of tropical storms

A
  1. the sun rays heat large areas of the ocean in the summer and autumn. this causes warm, moist air to rise over the particular spots
  2. once the temp is 27 degrees the warm air leads to lowpressure. this causes a thunderstorm
  3. the thunderstoem starts to spin as winds are blowing in opposite direction
  4. when strom spins faster than 74mph a hurricane/ trpoical storm is formed
  5. cool air sinks as the storm grows more power creating the eye of the storm
  6. when tropical storm hits land it loses its energy source (the warm ocean)and begins to lose its strength it will then blow itself out
50
Q

primary effects of tropical storms

A

intense winds destroy builldings and communities
can create storm surges
high seas and flooding

51
Q

secondary effects of tropical storms

A

people left homeless (causes poverty stress and ill health)
shortage of clean water and proper sanitation
food crops damaged
buisnesses damaged

52
Q

TYPHOON HAIYAN CASE STUDY 2013 causes

A

started as tropical depression and gained strength

became a category 5 super typhoon and made landfall on pacific islands of philippines

53
Q

typhoon effects

A

6,500 deathe
130,000 people lef thomeless
water and sewage systems destroyed caused dieases
emotional greif

54
Q

typhoon managment

A

£190 million raised in aid by UN
helicopter carrier ships deliver aid be US and UK
education on typhoon prep

55
Q

CASE STUDY FLOOD SOMERSET 2014 CAUSES

A

wettest january since 1910. low pressure driven across atlantic . rained 100 mm above average. high tides. rivers hadn’t been dredged in 20yrs became clogged with sediment

56
Q

somerset effects

A 
600 houses flooded
villages cut off
damaged of £10 million
14,000ha of farmland underwater for 3-4 weeks
floodwaters conntaminated with sewage
local roads cut off
57
Q

somerset management

A

home owners used boats to go shopping and to attend school
local volunteeers gave support
£20 million flood action plan launched
8km of river dredged
flood defences built in vulnerable areas (river banks strengthened)

58
Q

what is climate change?

A

large-scale long-term shift in the planets weather patterns or average temperatures

59
Q

evidence on climate change- global temp

A

have increased by more than 0.6 degrees since 1950

60
Q

evidence on climate change- ice sheets and glaciers

A

melting- arctic sea ice has declined by 10% in 30 yrs

61
Q

evidence on climate change- sea level change

A

seal level risen by 10-20cm in the past 100 yrs

62
Q

greenhouse effect

A

fuels emit greenhouse gases making earths atmosphere thicker making earth warmer

63
Q

sun spots

A

dark spots on sun increase energy earth receives

64
Q

orbital changes

A

some argue that climate change is linked to the way earth orbits sun ( wobbles tilts)

65
Q

volcanic eruptions

A

large amounts of dust released cotaining gases these can block sunlight

66
Q

carbon capture

A

new tech designed to reduce climate change

67
Q

planting trees

A

increase amount of carbon absorbed

68
Q

international agreements

A

countries aim to cut emmissions and setting targets and making deals

69
Q

renewable energy

A

replacing fossil fuels based energy with clean/natural sources of energy

Geography (4 decks)

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