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Geography > Physical Landscapes In The UK > Flashcards

Physical Landscapes In The UK Flashcards

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1
Q

Define relief of the UK

A

Can be divided into uplands and lowlands

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2
Q

Define Uplands

A

Areas +600m: peaks and ridges cold mist and snow common

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3
Q

define lowlands

A

200m areas: flat/rolling hills. warmer weather

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4
Q

describe how a coastal spit is made

A

made using the processs of deposition-

1) swash moves up the beach at the angle of the prevailing wind
2) backwahs moves down the beach at 90 degrees to coastline, due to gravity
3) zigzag movement (longshore drift) transports the material along the beach
4) deposition causes the beach to extend, until reaching a river estuary
5) change in prevailing wind direction forms a hook
6) sheltered area behind spit encourages deposition, salt marsh forms

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5
Q

define Erosion

A

the break down oand transportaion of rocks- smoothe, round and sorted

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6
Q

explain Attrition

A

Rocks that bash together to become smooth/smaller

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7
Q

explain soloution

A

a chemical reaction that dissolves rocks

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8
Q

explain abrasion

A

rocks hurled at the base of a cliff to break peices apart

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9
Q

expalin Hydraulic action

A

water enters cracks in the cliff, air compresses causing the crack to expand

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10
Q

define weathering

A

the breakdown of rocks where they are

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11
Q

expalin the type of weathering, carbonation

A

breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition

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12
Q

explain the type of weathering, mechanical

A

Breakdown of rock without changing its chemical ccomposition

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13
Q

Define transportation

A

a natural process by which eroded material is carried/transported

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14
Q

define the type of transportaion, solution

A

minerals dissolve in water and are carried along

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15
Q

define the type of transportaion, suspension

A

sediment is cariied along in the flow of the water

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16
Q

define the type of transportaion, saltation

A

pebbles that bounce along the sea/ river bed

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17
Q

define the type of transportaion, traction

A

boulders that roll along a river/sea bes by the force of the flowing water

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18
Q

What Is Deposition?

A

when the sea or river loses energy it drops the sand rock particles and pebbles it has been carrying

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19
Q

Define mass movement

A

a large movement of soil and rock debris that moves down slopes in response to the pull of gravity in a vertical direction

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20
Q

how does mass movement occur

A

1) rain saturates the permeable rock above the impermeable rock making it heavy
2) Waves or a river will erode the base of the slope making it unstable
3) eventually the weight of the permeable rock above the impermeable rock weakens and collapses.
4) the debris at the base of the cliff is then removed and transported by waves or a river

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21
Q

describe how headlands and bays are formed

A

1) waves attack the coastline
2) softer rock is eroded by the sea quicker forming a bay, calm area cases deposition.
3) more resistant rock is left jutting out into the sea. this is a headland and is now more vulnerable to erosion

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22
Q

give an example of a coastal stack

A

old harry rocks, Dorset

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23
Q

describe the formation of a coastal stack

A

1) hydraulic action widens cracks in the cliff face over time
2) abrasion forms a wave cut notch between HT and LT
3) further abrasion widens the wave cut notch to form a cave
4) caves form both sides of the headdland break through to form and arch
5) weather above/erosion below- arch collapses leaving stack
6) further weathering and erosion leaves a stump.

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24
Q

How Do Waves Form?

A

waves are created by wind blowing over the surface of the sea. As the wind blows over the sea, friction is created- producing a swell in the water

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25
Q

why do waves break?

A

1) waves atart out at sea
2) as wasves approaches the shore, friction slows the base
3) this causes the orbit to become elliptical
4) until the top of the wave breaks over

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26
Q

describe how the mechanical weathering process, freeze thaw weathering occurs

A

1) water seeps into cracks and fractures in the rock
2) when the water freezes, it expands about 9%. this wedges apart the rock
3) with repeated freeze-thaw cycles, the rock breaks off.

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27
Q

what 3 things determine the size of wave

A
  • fetch- how far the wave has travelled
  • strength of wind
  • how long the wind has been blowing for
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28
Q

define constructive waves

A

this wave has a swash that is stronger than the backwash this therefore builds up the coast

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29
Q

define destructive waves

A

this wave has a backwash that is stronger than the swash this therefore erdoes the coast

30
Q

what are groynes, sea walls and gabions/riprap examples of

A

Hard engineering defences

31
Q

what are beach nourishment and managed retreat example of

A

soft engineering defences

32
Q

describe groynes and give one advantage and a disadvantage of them

A

-wood barriers prevent longshore drift, so the beach can build up
:)-beach is still accessible
:(-no depositon further down coast=erodes faster

33
Q

describe sea walls and give one advantage and a disadvantage of them

A

concrete walls break up the energy of the wave. has lip to stop waves gping over
:)- long life span, protects from flooding
:(-curved shape encourages erosion of beach deposits

34
Q

describe gabions/rip rap and give one advantage and a disadvantage of them

A

cages of rocks/boulders absorb the waves energy, protecting the cliff behind
:)-cheap, local material can be used to look less strange
:(- will need replacing

35
Q

describe beach nourishment and give one advantage and a disadvantage of them

A

beaches built up with sand so waves have to travel further before eroding cliffs
:)- cheap, beach for tourists
:(- storms= need replacing, offshore dredging damages seabed

36
Q

describe managed retreat and give one advantage and a disadvantage of them

A

low value areas of the coast are left to flood and erode
:)- reduces flood risk, creates wildlife habitats
:(- compensation for land

37
Q

define precipitation

A

moisture falling from clouds as rain, snow or hail

38
Q

define interception

A

vegetation prevents water from reaching the ground

39
Q

define surface runoff

A

water flowing over surface of the land into rivers

40
Q

define infiltration

A

water absorbed into the soil from the ground

41
Q

define transpiration

A

water lost through the leaves of plants

42
Q

give a physical cause of flooding

A

prolong and heavy rainfall- long periods of ranfall causes soil to become saturated leading to runoff

43
Q

give a human cause of flooding

A

land use- tarmac and concrete are impermeable. this prevents infiltration and causes surface runoff

44
Q

give a physical cause of flooding

A

geology- impermeable rocks cause surface runoff to increase river discharge

45
Q

give a physical cause of flooding

A

relief- steep-sided valleys channels water to flow quickly into river causing greater discharge

46
Q

describe the upper course of a river

A

near the source, the river flows over steep gradient from the hill/mountains. this gives the river a lot of energy so it will erode the riverbed vertically to form narrow valleys.

47
Q

decribe how a waterfall is formed

A

1) river flows over alternative types of rocks
2) river erodes soft rock fater than hard rock creating a step
3) further hydraulic action and abrasion for a plunge pool beneath
4) hard rock aabove is undercut leaving cap rock which collapses providing more material for erosion
5) waterfall retreats leaving steep sided gorge

48
Q

describe the middle course of a river

A

here the gradient gets gentler, so the water has less energy and moves more slowly. the river will begin to erode latterally making the river wider

49
Q

decribe how an ox-bow lake is formed

A

1) erosion of outer bank forms river cliff. deposition inner bank forms slip off slope
2) further hydraulic action and abrasion of outer banks, neck gets smaller
3) erosion breaks through neck, so river takes hte fastest route, redirecting flow.
4) evaporation and deposition cuts off main channel leaving a ox-bow lake

50
Q

describe the lower course of a river

A

near the river’s mouth the river widens further and becomes flatter. material transported is depositied

51
Q

describe how floodplains and levees are formed

A

when a river floods, fine silt/allvium is deposited on the valley floor. closer to the river’s banks, the heavier materials build up to form natural levees

52
Q

give 2 advantages of levees and floodplains

A
  • nutrient rick soil makes it ideal for farming

- fland land is good fr building houses

53
Q

give 3 example of soft engineering river managment schemes

A

afforestation
demountable flood barriers
managed flooding

54
Q

define afforestation

A

plant trees to soak up rainwater, reduces flood risk

55
Q

define demountable flood barriers

A

these are put in place when warning of a flood is raised

56
Q

define managed flooding

A

naturally lets areas flood to protect settlements

57
Q

give 3 examples of hard engineering river managment schemes

A

straightening channel
artificial leaves
deepening or widening river

58
Q

define straightening channel

A

increases velocity to remove flood water

59
Q

define artificial leaves

A

heightens river so flood water is contained

60
Q

define deepening or widening a river

A

increases capacity for a flood

61
Q

describe hydrographs and river discharge

A

river discharge is the volume of water that flows in a river. hydrographs who discharge at a certain point in a river changes over time in relation to rainfall

62
Q

define peak discharge

A

discharge in a period of time

63
Q

define lag time

A

the delay between rainfal and peak discharge

64
Q

define raising limb

A

increase in river discharge

65
Q

define falling limb

A

the decrease in river discharge to normal level

66
Q

CASE STUDY: MAPPLETON, HOLDERNESS COAST, NORTH YORKSHIRE

A
67
Q

Location and background of mappleton

A
  • north east of England
  • one of the most vulnerable coastlines in the world
  • retreats 1-2m every year
  • conatins 50 properties on holderness coast
  • under threat
68
Q

Physical processes of Mappleton

A

problems are caused by:

  • strong prevailing winds creating longshore drift that moves material south along coastline, exposing waves to cliff action
  • cliffs are made of a soft boulder clay. this means it will erode quickly
69
Q

management of mappleton

A
  • coastal managment scheme costing £2 million
    • places rock armour along base of cliff and building 2 rock groynes
  • no longer at great risk from erosion
70
Q

CASE STUDY: BOSCASTLE, CORNWALL 2004

A
71
Q

location and background of boscastle

A

small village near the coast that experienced a severe flash flood on 16th August 2004. homes, cars and much more were swept away. lost alot of money due to a decrease in tourism

72
Q

describe the flood managment scheme that is now in place

A
  • river enbankment strengthened
  • new bridge with higher arch
  • deeper and wider river
  • gauge has been put in place
  • raised car park
  • dead trees and vegetation removed

Geography (4 decks)

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