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Geography paper 1 > The challenge of natural hazards > Flashcards

The challenge of natural hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the structure of the earth?

A
  • crust
  • mantel
  • outer core
  • inner core
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2
Q

where are earthquakes and volcanos distributed?

A
  • plate margins
  • earthquakes at destructive, constructive and conservative
  • volcanos at constructive, destructive
  • land and in sea
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3
Q

what happens at constructive plate margins?

A
  • 2 plates moving apart
  • magma rise through gap
  • volcanos and earthquakes occur
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4
Q

what happens at destructive plate margins?

A
  • oceanic plate defends bellow continental
  • magma rises
  • volcanos and earthquakes
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5
Q

what happens at conservative plate margins?

A
  • 2 plates collide sliding past each other

- earthquakes occur

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6
Q

what are some simple facts about what happened at Christchurch/ Christchurch?

A
  • New Zealand
  • 6.3 magnitude
  • 22nd february 2011
  • MIC
  • earthquake
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7
Q

what are the primary effects of Christchurch?

A
  • 181 people died
  • damaged water and sewerage pipes
  • 50% building damaged
  • 80% without electricity
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8
Q

what are secondary effects of Christchurch?

A
  • business out of action
  • schools share classrooms
  • mentally effected
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9
Q

what are immediate responses to Christchurch?

A
  • cared for vulnerable
  • chemical toilets
  • aid workers
  • areas were zoned
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10
Q

what are the long-term responses to Christchurch?

A
  • roads repaired

- 898 million dolles in building claims

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11
Q

what are some simple facts about what happened in Nepal/ Nepal?

A
  • earthquake
  • LEDC
    7. 8 magnitude
  • 25th april 2015
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12
Q

what are the primary effects of Nepal?

A
  • 8841 dead
  • 16,000 injured
  • historic building destroyed
  • 352 after shocks
  • reduced water supply
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13
Q

what are the secondary effects of Nepal?

A
  • avalanche on Mount Everest
  • tourism income decreased
  • rice fields destroyed- food shortages
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14
Q

what are the immediate responses to Nepal?

A
  • 126 million dollars for emergency aid

- tents for 225,000 people

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15
Q

what re the long term responses to Nepal?

A
  • 274 million dollars for recovery

- stricture building codes

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16
Q

why do people continue to live in hazardous areas?

A
  • farming
  • mining
  • tourism
  • family, friends and feelings
  • geothermal energy
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17
Q

what are the 3 p’s?

A
  • prediction
  • protection
  • planning
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18
Q

how do people predict?

A
  • seismometers
  • GPS on phones
  • patterns
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19
Q

how do people protect?

A

-earthquake proof buildings

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20
Q

how do people plan?

A
  • furniture attached to floor
  • aid supplies
  • learn how to turn off electricity and gas
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21
Q

how are surface winds formed?

A
  • differences in air pressure
  • winds move from high to low pressure
  • part of global circulation loops
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22
Q

how many local circulation loops are there and what happens?

A
  • 6
  • warm air rising makes low pressure belt
  • cold air falling makes high pressure belts
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23
Q

how do the loops work?

A
  • warm air rising from equator-low pressure
  • rises and cools at 30degrees- high pressure
  • at 60degrees warm air meets cool air- low pressure
  • high pressure at the poles
24
Q

what is the global distribution of tropical storms?

A
  • oceans
  • coastal areas
  • between 30N and 30S
  • tropical paths going away from equator
25
Q

what are the causes of tropical storms?

A
  • sea temperature 26d or higher
  • low difference between wind speeds
  • raising air creating low pressure
  • increase in surface winds
26
Q

what are the features of a tropical storm?

A
  • circular
  • 100+ km wide
  • 7-14 days
  • anticlockwise in north
  • clockwise in south
27
Q

what is the formation of a tropical storm?

A
  • eye - no winds
    - 50km
    - depending air
  • eyewall- strong winds
    - sprillig winds
  • edges- wind speed falls
    - less intense rain
28
Q

how does climate change affect tropical storms?

A
  • global temperatures rising so higher ocean temperatures -so higher distribution
  • oceans 27d or higher more time in the year
  • so increasing frequency
  • stronger storms
29
Q

what is some background information about Typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • november 2013
  • category 5
  • 170mph winds
  • waves 15m
30
Q

what are the primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • 400,000 homes destroyed
  • 6500 people killed
  • cros destroyed
  • 30,000 fishing boats destroyed
31
Q

what are the secondary effect of Typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • 4.9million children malnourished
  • 6m lost income
  • nearly 2000 schools destroyed
  • population lowering
32
Q

what were the immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • 800,000 evacuated
  • medical supplies distributed
  • 250,000 litres of water distributed
  • food packs supplied
33
Q

what were the long term responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • ‘no build zone’ along east coast
  • new storm surge system
  • mangroves replanted
34
Q

how is prediction possible before a tropical storm?

A
  • satellites

- calculate and predict path

35
Q

what protection can be installed to reduce the risks of a tropical storm?

A
  • hurricane straps in roofs
  • shutters on windows
  • remove trees close to buildings
36
Q

how can planning reduce the risks of a tropical storm?

A
  • supply kits
  • fuel in cars
  • planning with family
37
Q

what are the weather hazards which occur in the UK?

A
  • flooding
  • drought
  • stroms
38
Q

what were the causes of Britains Blizzard?

A
  • temperatures didn’t go higher than freezing
  • bitterly cold winds from NE
  • artic air
  • heavy snow
39
Q

what were the social impacts of Britains Blizzard?

A
  • 7000 schools closing at times
  • people dying of hypothermia or accidents
  • frozen pipes
40
Q

what were the economical impacts of Britains Blizzard?

A
  • transport networks disrupted
  • M8 closed
  • unable to get to work
  • reduced Uk’s GPD by 0.5%
41
Q

what were the environmental impacts of Britains Blizzard?

A
  • up to 50cm of snow
  • damaged crops
  • high amount of gas/electricity so more CO2
42
Q

what are some management strategies which can reduce risks of weather hazards?

A
  • warning systems for time to prepare
  • gritters
  • close schools
  • emergency services
43
Q

what is the Quaternary period?

A

-most recent glacial period

44
Q

what is some evidence of climate change?

A
  • sea level rise
  • seasonal changes
  • melting ice i.e. size of antarctic
  • temperature records
45
Q

what are some natural factors which are causes of climate change?

A
  • orbital changes
    - closer to sun warmer it is
  • volcanic activity
    - volcanos release CO2
  • solar output
    - making climate cooler in certain areas
46
Q

what are some human factors which are causes of climate change?

A
  • burning fossil fuels
  • farming- producing methane
  • deforestation
47
Q

how does climate change affect the environment?

A
  • glaciers shrinking
  • sea level rise
  • loss of polar habitats
  • low lying lands disappearing
  • precipitation patterns
48
Q

how does climate change affect people?

A
  • deaths due to heat
  • loss of water availability
  • lower crop yield
49
Q

what is mitigation?

A

-strategies to reduce the causes of climate change

50
Q

what is carbon capture and how does it reduce climate change?

A
  • reducing emissions from fossil fuels burning

- capturing CO2 and storing it

51
Q

how does planting trees help mitigation?

A

-absorbs CO2

52
Q

how does alternative energy production help mitigation?

A
  • using renewable resources

- tidal power projects

53
Q

what are the international agreements to help mitigation?

A
  • EU cut 20% of emissions from 1990 to 2020

- most countries agree to cut down on greenhouse gases

54
Q

what is adaption?

A

responding to changes causes by climate change

55
Q

how does changing agricultural systems help adaption?

A
  • new crop types suitable to climate

- new crop varieties more resistant

56
Q

how does managing water supply help adaption?

A
  • water meters discourage from using a lot of water

- collect rainwater

57
Q

how does coping with rising sea levels help with adaption?

A
  • physical defences

- build houses higher

Geography paper 1 (7 decks)

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