The challenge of natural hazards Flashcards
what is the structure of the earth?
- crust
- mantel
- outer core
- inner core
where are earthquakes and volcanos distributed?
- plate margins
- earthquakes at destructive, constructive and conservative
- volcanos at constructive, destructive
- land and in sea
what happens at constructive plate margins?
- 2 plates moving apart
- magma rise through gap
- volcanos and earthquakes occur
what happens at destructive plate margins?
- oceanic plate defends bellow continental
- magma rises
- volcanos and earthquakes
what happens at conservative plate margins?
- 2 plates collide sliding past each other
- earthquakes occur
what are some simple facts about what happened at Christchurch/ Christchurch?
- New Zealand
- 6.3 magnitude
- 22nd february 2011
- MIC
- earthquake
what are the primary effects of Christchurch?
- 181 people died
- damaged water and sewerage pipes
- 50% building damaged
- 80% without electricity
what are secondary effects of Christchurch?
- business out of action
- schools share classrooms
- mentally effected
what are immediate responses to Christchurch?
- cared for vulnerable
- chemical toilets
- aid workers
- areas were zoned
what are the long-term responses to Christchurch?
- roads repaired
- 898 million dolles in building claims
what are some simple facts about what happened in Nepal/ Nepal?
- earthquake
- LEDC
7. 8 magnitude - 25th april 2015
what are the primary effects of Nepal?
- 8841 dead
- 16,000 injured
- historic building destroyed
- 352 after shocks
- reduced water supply
what are the secondary effects of Nepal?
- avalanche on Mount Everest
- tourism income decreased
- rice fields destroyed- food shortages
what are the immediate responses to Nepal?
- 126 million dollars for emergency aid
- tents for 225,000 people
what re the long term responses to Nepal?
- 274 million dollars for recovery
- stricture building codes
why do people continue to live in hazardous areas?
- farming
- mining
- tourism
- family, friends and feelings
- geothermal energy
what are the 3 p’s?
- prediction
- protection
- planning
how do people predict?
- seismometers
- GPS on phones
- patterns
how do people protect?
-earthquake proof buildings
how do people plan?
- furniture attached to floor
- aid supplies
- learn how to turn off electricity and gas
how are surface winds formed?
- differences in air pressure
- winds move from high to low pressure
- part of global circulation loops
how many local circulation loops are there and what happens?
- 6
- warm air rising makes low pressure belt
- cold air falling makes high pressure belts
how do the loops work?
- warm air rising from equator-low pressure
- rises and cools at 30degrees- high pressure
- at 60degrees warm air meets cool air- low pressure
- high pressure at the poles
what is the global distribution of tropical storms?
- oceans
- coastal areas
- between 30N and 30S
- tropical paths going away from equator
what are the causes of tropical storms?
- sea temperature 26d or higher
- low difference between wind speeds
- raising air creating low pressure
- increase in surface winds
what are the features of a tropical storm?
- circular
- 100+ km wide
- 7-14 days
- anticlockwise in north
- clockwise in south
what is the formation of a tropical storm?
- eye - no winds
- 50km
- depending air - eyewall- strong winds
- sprillig winds - edges- wind speed falls
- less intense rain
how does climate change affect tropical storms?
- global temperatures rising so higher ocean temperatures -so higher distribution
- oceans 27d or higher more time in the year
- so increasing frequency
- stronger storms
what is some background information about Typhoon Haiyan?
- november 2013
- category 5
- 170mph winds
- waves 15m
what are the primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?
- 400,000 homes destroyed
- 6500 people killed
- cros destroyed
- 30,000 fishing boats destroyed
what are the secondary effect of Typhoon Haiyan?
- 4.9million children malnourished
- 6m lost income
- nearly 2000 schools destroyed
- population lowering
what were the immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan?
- 800,000 evacuated
- medical supplies distributed
- 250,000 litres of water distributed
- food packs supplied
what were the long term responses to Typhoon Haiyan?
- ‘no build zone’ along east coast
- new storm surge system
- mangroves replanted
how is prediction possible before a tropical storm?
- satellites
- calculate and predict path
what protection can be installed to reduce the risks of a tropical storm?
- hurricane straps in roofs
- shutters on windows
- remove trees close to buildings
how can planning reduce the risks of a tropical storm?
- supply kits
- fuel in cars
- planning with family
what are the weather hazards which occur in the UK?
- flooding
- drought
- stroms
what were the causes of Britains Blizzard?
- temperatures didn’t go higher than freezing
- bitterly cold winds from NE
- artic air
- heavy snow
what were the social impacts of Britains Blizzard?
- 7000 schools closing at times
- people dying of hypothermia or accidents
- frozen pipes
what were the economical impacts of Britains Blizzard?
- transport networks disrupted
- M8 closed
- unable to get to work
- reduced Uk’s GPD by 0.5%
what were the environmental impacts of Britains Blizzard?
- up to 50cm of snow
- damaged crops
- high amount of gas/electricity so more CO2
what are some management strategies which can reduce risks of weather hazards?
- warning systems for time to prepare
- gritters
- close schools
- emergency services
what is the Quaternary period?
-most recent glacial period
what is some evidence of climate change?
- sea level rise
- seasonal changes
- melting ice i.e. size of antarctic
- temperature records
what are some natural factors which are causes of climate change?
- orbital changes
- closer to sun warmer it is - volcanic activity
- volcanos release CO2 - solar output
- making climate cooler in certain areas
what are some human factors which are causes of climate change?
- burning fossil fuels
- farming- producing methane
- deforestation
how does climate change affect the environment?
- glaciers shrinking
- sea level rise
- loss of polar habitats
- low lying lands disappearing
- precipitation patterns
how does climate change affect people?
- deaths due to heat
- loss of water availability
- lower crop yield
what is mitigation?
-strategies to reduce the causes of climate change
what is carbon capture and how does it reduce climate change?
- reducing emissions from fossil fuels burning
- capturing CO2 and storing it
how does planting trees help mitigation?
-absorbs CO2
how does alternative energy production help mitigation?
- using renewable resources
- tidal power projects
what are the international agreements to help mitigation?
- EU cut 20% of emissions from 1990 to 2020
- most countries agree to cut down on greenhouse gases
what is adaption?
responding to changes causes by climate change
how does changing agricultural systems help adaption?
- new crop types suitable to climate
- new crop varieties more resistant
how does managing water supply help adaption?
- water meters discourage from using a lot of water
- collect rainwater
how does coping with rising sea levels help with adaption?
- physical defences
- build houses higher
