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Geography paper 1 > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

LEARN UPLANDS AND LOWLANDS

A

LEARN UPLANDS AND LOWlANDS

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of a constructive wave?

A
  • sheltered bays
  • common in summer
  • strong swash, weak backwash
  • build up beaches
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3
Q

what are the characteristics of a destructive wave?

A
  • exposed bays
  • build up pebble beaches
  • common in winter
  • weak swash stronger backwash
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4
Q

how does mechanical weathering method of free-thaw weathering break down rock?

A
  • bellow freezing
  • water in rocks and cracks
  • water freezes, pressure
  • melts, release pressure
  • repeated breaks rock
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5
Q

how does the chemical weathering method of carbonation weathering break down rock?

A
  • rainwater- carbon dioxide
  • which has weak carbonic acid
  • reacts with calcium carbonate in rock
  • i.e limstone dissolves
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6
Q

what is the definition of mass movements and when is it more likely to occur?

A
  • shifting of rock and loose material down a slope

- full of water, heavier

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7
Q

what are the 3 main mass movements and what is the difference?

A
  • sildes- shifts in straight line
  • slumps- shifts with rotation
  • rockfalls- material breaks up
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8
Q

what are the 3 processes of erosion?

A
  • hydraulic power
  • abrasion
  • attrition
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9
Q

how does hydraulic power work?

A
  • waves crash against rock
  • compress air in cracks
  • pressure on rock
  • repeated compressing breaks rock
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10
Q

how does abrasion work?

A

-eroded particles I water scrap and scrap rock removing small pieces

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11
Q

how does attrition work?

A
  • erodes particles smash into each other
  • turn into small fragments
  • edges round off
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12
Q

how does the transportation process of longshore drift work?

A
  • waves follow prevailing wind
  • hit coast at oblique angle
  • swash carries material up beach
  • backwash material back at RIGHT ANGLES
  • zig zags along coast
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13
Q

what are the 4 processes of transportation? and what are they?

A
  • traction- large particles, force of water
  • saltation- pebble sized bounce along
  • suspension- small particles carried in water
  • solution- soluble material
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14
Q

why is sediment deposited in coastal areas?

A
  • erosion elsewhere
  • lots of transport into area
  • sediment slowing down
  • low energy waves
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15
Q

what are the landforms formed from erosion?

A
  • wave-cut platforms
  • headlands and bays
  • caves, arch, stacks, stumps
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16
Q

‘waves erode cliffs to form was cut platforms’

how are wave cut platforms formed?

A
  • most erosion at base of cliff
  • forming wave cut notch
  • rock above becomes unstable, falls
  • material washed away
  • repeated process
  • wave cut plate form left behind as cliff retreats
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17
Q

how are headlands and bays formed?

A
  • form different rock types, soft and hard rock
  • soft rock erode quickly, bays
  • hard rock slowly, jutting out, headlands, steep sides
18
Q

‘headlands erode to form caves, arches and stacks’ how are cave, arches and stacks formed?

A
  • wash crash enlarge cracks, hydraulic power, abrasion
  • repeated erosion, caves
  • repeated erosion, breaks through arch
  • freeze thaw break roof, collapses
  • stack formed
19
Q

what are the land forms caused by deposition?

A
  • beaches
  • sand dunes
  • spits and bars
20
Q

how are beaches formed?

A
  • constructive waves

- depositing sand and shingle

21
Q

what are the characteristics of a sand beach?

A
  • flat, wide
  • small particles
  • long gentle slope
22
Q

what are the characteristics of a shingle beach?

A
  • steep, narrow
  • large shingle particles
  • steep slope
23
Q

how are spits formed?

A
  • sharp bend in coastline
  • longshore drift transports past bend, deposits in sea
  • strong winds cure end. (recurved end)
  • sheltered area behind protected
  • forms out flat/ salt marsh
24
Q

how are bars formed?

A
  • spit joins two headlands
  • cute headlands from sea
  • lagoon formed
25
Q

how are sand dunes formed?

A
  • sand deposited by longshore drift moves up beach by wind
  • obstacles (driftwood), sand deposited
  • colonised by pants forcing more sand to settle
  • forming small dunes.
  • over time get larger and migrate, unto 10m
26
Q

what examples of coastal landforms are found at Dorset coast?

A
  • Durdle door- arch
  • Lulworth Cove- bay
  • Chesil Beach- bar
  • Swanage bay- 2 bays
27
Q

what are the 4 main hard engineering coastal defences?

A
  • sea wall
  • rock armour
  • gabions
  • groynes
28
Q

what are the 4 main soft engineering coastal defences?

A
  • beach nourishment
  • beach reprofiling
  • dune regeneration
29
Q

what are the benefits and costs of a sea wall?

A

B- prevents flooding, prevents erosion

C- strong backwash, erode under wall, expensive

30
Q

what are the benefits and costs of rock armour?

A

B- absorb wave energy, cheap

C- borders moved by strong waves, replacing

31
Q

what are the benefits and costs of gabions?

A

B- absorb wave energy, easy to build, cheap

C- ugly, corrode over time

32
Q

what are the benefits and costs of groynes?

A

B- wider beaches, slow waves, flooding protection, cheap

C- stave beaches further down

33
Q

what are the benefits and costs of beach nourishment and reprofiling?

A

B- wider beach, slow waves, no flooding, erosion

C- repeated, expensive, kill habitats from where your’e taking it

34
Q

what are the benefits and costs of dune regeneration?

A

B- barrier, wave energy absorbed, flooding, stabilisation is cheap
C- limited protection to small area, nourishment is expensive

35
Q

what is managed retreat?

A

removing coastal defences, allow sea to flood land

36
Q

what are the benefits and costs of managed retreat?

A

B- cheap, easy, no maintenance, new habitats

C- conflicts, flooding farmland

37
Q

what is an example of coastal management In the UK?

A

Holderness Coast

North East England

38
Q

what are the reasons for management at Holderness Coast?

A
  • prevailing winds moving sediments south
  • 10m per year lost
  • farms, homes and business threatened
  • population over 14000 in local area
  • local gas terminal supplies UK 25%
39
Q

what is the management’s strategy at Holderness Coast?

A
  • at Mappleton
  • 2 million
  • 61000 tonnes of rock
  • rock armour at base of cliff
  • two rock groynes to trap sand and creat beach
40
Q

‘The defects saves Mappleton… but still used conflict’ what are the resulting conflicts and effects?

A
  • loss of land to sut, Great Cowden’s farm
  • loss of wildlife at Spurn Head
  • maintaining defences will be expensive

Geography paper 1 (7 decks)

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