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geography > The challenge of natural hazards > Flashcards

The challenge of natural hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

core

A

the central region of the earth

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2
Q

mantle

A

the region within the earth between the core and the crust

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3
Q

crust

A

the topmost layer of the earth made up of tectonic plates

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4
Q

destructive margin

A

formed when tectonic plates move together

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5
Q

constructive margin

A

formed when tectonic plates move apart

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6
Q

conservative

A

formed when tectonic plates slide past each other

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7
Q

collision zone

A

a plate margin where two tectonic plates slide past each other

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8
Q

hot spot

A

an area within the mantle where there is unusually high heat flow caused by intense radioactive decay in the inner core they are often away from plate margins and volcanic activity is common here

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9
Q

focus

A

he pint below the earths surface where an earthquake occurs

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10
Q

epicentre

A

the point on the earths surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

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11
Q

seismic waves

A

shock waves of energy that travel though the earths following an event such as an earthquake or volcano

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12
Q

aftershocks

A

small tremors in the days after an earthquake

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13
Q

Richter scale

A

a measure of the energy released by an earthquake

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14
Q

secondary effects

A

the effects that occur subsequent to the primary effect

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15
Q

primary effects

A

effects that occur subsequent to the natural disaster

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16
Q

tsunami

A

a large wave caused by an earthquake, volcanic eruption or costal landslide

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17
Q

composite volcano

A

a cone shaped volcano made up of many layers

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18
Q

shield volcano

A

a large sized, low lying volcano formed from fluid magma flows

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19
Q

pyroclastic flow

A

a high temperture avalanche of gas, ash, cinder and rock that rushed down the slopes of a volcano sometime burying settlements in its path

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20
Q

active volcano

A

a volcano with at least one eruption in the last 10,000 years

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21
Q

lahar

A

a mud flow consisting of volcanic ash and water that runs down the slopes of a volcano

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22
Q

dormant volcano

A

a active volcano that is not currently erupting

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23
Q

atmospheric circulation

A

the movement of air around the earth in cells transferring and redistributing energy

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24
Q

tropical storms

A

low pressure systems with distinct structure and features formed over warm ocean waters in low latitudes

25
Q

cyclone

A

a tropical storm in the Indian ocean and south pacific

26
Q

typhoon

A

a tropical storm in the western north pacific

27
Q

hurricane

A

a tropical storm in the Atlantic ocean

28
Q

Coriolis force

A

the result of the earths rotation on weather patterns

29
Q

storm surge

A

a rising of the sea as a result of wind and atmospheric pressure changes associated with a storm

30
Q

eye of the storm

A

if a tropical storm becomes “cyclonic” it spins so fast that the air aroind the centre forms a vortex which has an eye 30-65km wide

31
Q

infastructure

A

facilities and supply lines which make mdern life possible such as roads and railways waterpipes and internet access

32
Q

resilience

A

capacity to cope with a hazard such as a tropical storm often dependent on how effectively the 3 Ps are implemented

33
Q

3Ps (prediction protection and planning)

A

measures a community or country can take to improve their resilience to a hazard such as a tropical storm

34
Q

inertia

A

when people and/or organisations do not take action when faced with a hazard

35
Q

mid-latitudes

A

the temperate zones between the tropics and polar regions

36
Q

front

A

a boundary separating two masses of air of different densities

37
Q

prevailing wind

A

a wind from the direction that is most usual at a particular place or season

37
Q

prevailing wind

A

a wind from the direction that is most usual at a particular place or season

38
Q

maritime

A

related to the sea

39
Q

north Atlantic drift

A

a powerful warm ocean current

40
Q

gulf stream

A

a powerful warm ocean current

41
Q

continental

A

coming from a nearby continent

42
Q

altitude

A

height above sea level

43
Q

relief rainfall

A

occurs when moist air rises over a physical barrier

44
Q

rain shadow

A

a dry area on the leeward side of a hilly/mountainous area

45
Q

hydro-meteorological hazards

A

weather hazards linked t the water cycle

46
Q

drought

A

a period of below average precipitation

47
Q

blocking high

A

a slow-moving anticyclone (high pressure system)

48
Q

water deficit

A

not enough rainfall, leaving a water shortage

49
Q

water stress

A

lacking water

50
Q

water surplus

A

having more water than needed

51
Q

proxy measures

A

indirect ways of measuring variables, such as tree ring growth as an indicator of temperature in past years

52
Q

greenhouse effect

A

greenhouse gases stop he\t escaping from the earth into space, an enhanced greenhouse effect can lead to climate change and global warming

53
Q

greenhouse gas

A

gas in the atmosphere which absorbs and emits heat (infrared) radiation

54
Q

anthropogenic

A

caused by humans

55
Q

carbon capture / carbon sequestration

A

the removal of carbon at a emission source and storage of it deep underground

56
Q

adaptation

A

adjustments made by people and communities enabling them to continue living in areas impacted by climate change

57
Q

mitigation

A

measures to reduce the cause of climate change

geography (4 decks)

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