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geography > Physical landscapes in the UK > Flashcards

Physical landscapes in the UK Flashcards

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1
Q

fetch

A

the distance over which a wave has travelled

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2
Q

swash

A

forward wave motion

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3
Q

backwash

A

return wave motion to the sea

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4
Q

spilling waves

A

destructive waves which push material onshore

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5
Q

surging waves

A

waves which push materials up the beach, making it steeper

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6
Q

plunging waves

A

destructive waves that bring material from the beach towards the sea

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7
Q

constructive waves

A

low energy waves which add material to a beach, swash is more effective than backwash

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8
Q

destructive waves

A

high energy waves which remove material from a beach, backwash is more effective than swash

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9
Q

resistant

A

tough able to withstand weathering and/or erosion

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10
Q

solution

A

dissolving action in water

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11
Q

abrasion

A

an erosion process by which material carried in water (sea, river, glacier) scours and scrapes

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12
Q

attrition

A

an erosion process by which particles get smaller and rounder as they collide with each other in water (sea, river)

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13
Q

hydraulic action

A

an erosion process by which waves force air into cracking rock, exerting great pressure

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14
Q

traction

A

the rolling and sliding of larger, heavier particles along a river bed or in the sea

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15
Q

saltation

A

the bouncing or jumping movement of particles along a surface

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16
Q

longshore drift

A

the movement of material along the shore due to wave action

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17
Q

wave cut platform

A

a gently shelving area of solid rock stretching out to sea from the cliff front

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18
Q

notch

A

a small indentation in a cliff face at high tide mark, results from wave action

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19
Q

arch

A

a bridge-shaped feature formed by the erosion of a headland

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20
Q

beach

A

a deposition feature consisting of loose material (usually sand or shingle)

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21
Q

offshore

A

away from the land

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22
Q

sand dune

A

a hill-like accumulation of sand at the back of beaches along low-lying coastlines

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23
Q

water table

A

the level below the ground at which rocks are saturated

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24
Q

spit

A

a long protrusion of deposited material extending from the coast into the sea, joined to the mainland at one end

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25
Q

estuary

A

a tidal river mouth where saltwater from the sea meets freshwater

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26
Q

bar

A

a strip of deposited sediment parallel to the coast

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27
Q

gabions

A

bundles of rock in a wire mesh cage, used to protect slopes, especially at the coast

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28
Q

groynes

A

man-made structures at right angles to the coast to stop material travelling along the beach by action of longshore drift

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29
Q

reprofiling

A

changing the face/front of a slope (e.g. to alter its steepness or height)

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30
Q

marram grass

A

tough, long-rooted, wide-blades grass that lives in sand and holds together the grains

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31
Q

Lyme grass

A

a salt-loving, one of the first to grow on sand dunes

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32
Q

sea couch

A

a salt-loving plant, one of the first to grow on sand dunes

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33
Q

saltmarsh

A

an area of deposition of fine material that is tidal, adapted plants grow and stabilise the area

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34
Q

land wash

A

facing away from the sea

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35
Q

fluvial

A

the processes associated with rivers and streams

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36
Q

channel

A

the groove in which water flows

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37
Q

wetted perimeter

A

the length of channel bed in contact with water when looking at a river’s cross-section

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38
Q

source

A

the starting point of a river

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39
Q

mouth

A

where a river ends; usually meeting the sea

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40
Q

confluence

A

where any two rivers meet

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41
Q

drainage basin

A

the area from which water feeds into a river; also known as a river basin or catchment area

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42
Q

spine / trunk

A

the main channel in a river system

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43
Q

tributary

A

any river flowing into another, bigger river

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44
Q

watershed

A

the dividing line between two drainage basins

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45
Q

entrained

A

the process of material being taken into a agent of transport and erosion, suck as a river or glacier

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46
Q

headward

A

towards the source of a river

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47
Q

river bank

A

the land alongside a river, above the channel

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48
Q

undermine

A

erode from below, cause weakness

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49
Q

downcutting

A

vertical erosion of a channel, making it deeper

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50
Q

limestone

A

sedimentary carbonate rock often made from the remains of sea creatures

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51
Q

load

A

material carried by a river or a glacier

52
Q

suspended load

A

particles carried along within the body of water

53
Q

bedload

A

material on the river channel floor; generally the biggest particles and most difficult to move

54
Q

interlocking spurs

A

fingers of land around which rivers flow; they obstruct the view up or down a vallley

55
Q

waterfall

A

where the river water flows over a sudden vertical break

56
Q

faulting

A

breaks in rocks; can be as small as a hairline or huge

57
Q

plateau

A

flat, elevated land rising sharply above the area surrounding it on at least one side

58
Q

gorge

A

a steep-sided section of a valley; usually rocky

59
Q

floodplain

A

a low-lying area made of deposited material to the sides of a river channel; flood waters contribute to its formation

60
Q

meander

A

a winding curve or bend in a river

61
Q

meander belt

A

a area of a drainage basin where meanders are formed

62
Q

friction

A

the force between surfaces tying to pass each other; in a river, there is friction between the water and channel

63
Q

thalweg

A

the fastest part of a river, where there is least friction

64
Q

flashy

A

description of a river that responds very slowly to rainstorms

65
Q

subdued

A

description of a river that responds very slowly to rainstorms

66
Q

lag time

A

the difference in time between peak rainfall and peak discharge

67
Q

flood

A

a river going over its bank

68
Q

intercept

A

to get in the way of; anything that stops rainwater reaching the ground, permanently or temporarily

69
Q

dredging

A

scraping material out of a channel to make it bigger

70
Q

entrained

A

the process of material being taken into an agent of transport

71
Q

headward

A

towards the source of a river

72
Q

river bank

A

the land alongside a rive, above the channel

73
Q

undermine

A

erode from below; cause weakness

74
Q

downcutting

A

vertical erosion of a channel, making it deeper

75
Q

limestone

A

sedimentary rock often made from the remains of sea creatures

76
Q

load

A

material carried by a river or glacier

77
Q

suspended load

A

particles carried along within the body of water

78
Q

bedload

A

material on the floor; generally the biggest particles and most difficult to move

79
Q

fluvial

A

the processes associated with rivers and streams

80
Q

channel

A

the groove in which water flows

81
Q

wetted perimeter

A

the channel of bed in contact with water when looking at river’s cross section

82
Q

source

A

the start of a river

83
Q

mouth

A

where a river ends, usally meeting a sea

84
Q

confluence

A

where two rivers meet

85
Q

spine/trunk

A

the main channel in a river system

86
Q

drainage basin

A

the area from which water feeds into a river; also known as a river basin or catchment area

87
Q

tributary

A

any river flowing into another, bigger river

88
Q

watershed

A

the dividing line between two drainage basins

89
Q

interlocking spurs

A

finger of land around which rivers flow; they obstruct the view up or down the valley

90
Q

waterfall

A

where river water flows over a sudden vertical break

91
Q

waterfall

A

where river water flows over a sudden vertical break

92
Q

faulting

A

breaks in rocks; can be as small as a hairline or huge

93
Q

plateau

A

flat, elevated land rising sharply above the area surrounding it on at least one side

94
Q

gorge

A

a steep-sided section of a valley; usuallly rocky

95
Q

flodplain

A

a low-lying area made of deposited material to the sides of a river channel; flood waters contribute to its formation

96
Q

meander

A

a winding curve or bend in a river

97
Q

meander belt

A

the area of a drainage basin where meanders are formed

98
Q

friction

A

the force between surfaces trying to pass each other; in a river, there is friction between the water and channel

99
Q

thalweg

A

the fastest part of a river, where is least friction

100
Q

sinuous

A

curving movement in a river’s flow

101
Q

helicoidal

A

like a flattened curve, water takes this motion at meander outer bends, hitting the bank high then moving down and outwards towards the next inner bend

102
Q

slip-off slope

A

an area of deposition at the inside bend of a meander

103
Q

ox-bow-lake

A

formed when a river meander is cut off

104
Q

alluvium

A

material deposited by rivers

105
Q

levee

A

a ridge of deposited material alongside a channel created during floods; artificial levees can be made as flood defences

106
Q

tidal

A

influenced by the sea; seawater advances and retreats with the tide

107
Q

flocculate

A

to cause material to join together, gain weight and sink to the bottom of a river or the sea

108
Q

mudflats

A

low-lying areas to silt, clay and sand particles found in low energy environments, exposed at low tide

109
Q

geology

A

the science of earths origins, including rocks and minerals

110
Q

saturated

A

no more water can be held; if a permeable material becomes saturated, it becomes impermeable

111
Q

channel catch

A

rainwater falling directly into the river

112
Q

overland flow

A

water moving over the surface towards the channel

113
Q

thoughflow

A

lateral movement of water below the surface ( through the soil towards river)

114
Q

groundwater flow

A

slow, underground, horizontal movement of water towards the channel

115
Q

discharge

A

the amount of water in a river channel that passes a place at one time

116
Q

cumec

A

cubic metres per second; the measurement of discharge in a river

117
Q

hydrograph

A

a graph that shows how a river’s discharge changes in response to rainfall over a short period of time

118
Q

flashy

A

description of a river that responds quickly to rainstorms

119
Q

subdued

A

description of a river that responds very slowly to rainstorms

120
Q

lag time

A

the difference in time between peak rainfall and peak discharge

121
Q

flood

A

a river going over its bank

122
Q

intercept

A

to get in the way of; anything that stops rainwater reaching the ground permanently or temporarily

123
Q

dredging

A

scraping material out of a channel to make it bigger

124
Q

terracing

A

changing a slope into shallow steps; this makes the overall slope less steep and creates flat surfaces

125
Q

embankment

A

an artifical bank built alongside a channel; can be made of natural materials or concrete

126
Q

peat

A

partly decomposed vegetation and organic matter; holds a lot of water

geography (4 decks)

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