The cervical, thoracic spine, Brachcial Plexus Flashcards
Cervical Spondylosis cause
Chronic degenerative osteoarthritis primary pathologies due to age-related disc degeneration
What can be seen on an x-ray of cervical spondylosis
Osteophytes, narrowing of the intervertebral forramina
Narrowing of the intervertebral foramina can lead to
Radiculopathy
Symptoms of radiculopathy
Pain and weakness
Narrowing of the spinal canal is called
myelopathy - less common
How does Jefferson’s fracture occur
Due to axial loading
Symptoms of Horner’s syndrome
miosis decrease pupil size
partial ptosis drooping eyelid
andhidrosis decreased sweating on the affected side of face
enophthalmos - shrunken appearance of the eyeball
Hangman’s fracture
Fracture of the axis C2
Which part of the vertebrae is fractured in hangman’s fracture
Paris intra-articularis (region between the superior and inferior articular processes)
Mechanism of hangman’s fracture
Hyperextension
fracture of odontoid process
Due to hyperextension or hyper flexion
How can you detect a odontoid fracture
Open mouth x-ray
A protective factor against spinal cord injury is
Vertebral foramen is relative large relative to the diameter of the cord
Cervical intervertebral disc prolapse
Disc herniation tear develops in the annulus fibrosus of the disc and the nucleus pulposus protrudes from the desk into the spinal cord
Cervical myelopathy
Spinal cord dysfunction due to depression the cord due to the narrowing of the spinal canal
Classical presentations of myelopathy
Loss of balance of poor coordination decreased dexterity weakness numbness severe cases paralysis
Hoffman’s test
Dr holds the patient’s middle finger at the middle phalanx and flexor fingernail
if there is no movement in the index finger after this motion the patient has a negative Hoffman sign
Badinski sign
The lateral side of the solver for a straight with a blunt instrument from the heel towards the shares
Normal to flexion in a negative test
in a positive test the hallux also flexes and the to chose fan out
This is just damaged along track of the spinal cord
The most common cancers that arise from solid organs and spread to bone are
Breast, lung, thyroid, kidney and prostate
infection of the intervertable disc
spondylodiscitsis
Infection of intervertebral disc leads to
Bony ischaemia and infarction. Chris of the brain then allows direct spread of organisms into adjacent to space, epidural space and adjacent vertical bodies. Note that intervertebral disc is a vascular hence the organisms must be placed the
Septic thrombosis lean to ischaemia
compression of the neurological elements by abscesses or inflammatory cells
direct invasion of neural elements by Inflammatroy tissue
mechanical collapse of bone leading to instability particular in chronic infections
Septic thrombosis lean to ischaemia
compression of the neurological elements by abscesses or inflammatory cells
direct invasion of neural elements by Inflammatroy tissue
mechanical collapse of bone leading to instability particular in chronic infections
Injury to the upper brachial plexus
Excessive increase in the angle between the neck and shoulders
When is this occur
Trauma during birth of baby
Which nerve roots are damaged in the upper brachial plexus
C5 and C6 routes
C5 route function
Shoulder abduction and external rotation
C6 route function
Elbow flexion wrist extension supination
Upper brachial plexus damage can be known as
Erbs Palsy
Symptoms of Erb’s Palsy
Limb hangs by the side in medial rotation with an adduction arm
Lower brachial plexus injury
Forced hyperextension or hyper abduction such as when some of all from a height and grabbed onto a tree, baby’s arm is delivered first and traction as a party and deliver the rest of the baby
Lower brachial plexus injury can be known as
Klumpke’s palsy
Routes which are Affected in lower brachial plexus injury
C8 T1
C8 Nerve root function
Finger flexion finger extension
T1 route nerve function
Finger adduction finger abduction
Winged Scapular caused by loss of what muscle
muscles is the serratus anterior holds the scapula against the rib cage
which nerve is damaged to cause winging of the scapular
Long thoracic nerve damage paralysis the serratus anterior
Different types of lymph nodes (apical)
Anterior Posterior Infraclavicular Central Apical lateral
