The cervical, thoracic spine, Brachcial Plexus Flashcards

1
Q

Cervical Spondylosis cause

A

Chronic degenerative osteoarthritis primary pathologies due to age-related disc degeneration

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2
Q

What can be seen on an x-ray of cervical spondylosis

A

Osteophytes, narrowing of the intervertebral forramina

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3
Q

Narrowing of the intervertebral foramina can lead to

A

Radiculopathy

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4
Q

Symptoms of radiculopathy

A

Pain and weakness

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5
Q

Narrowing of the spinal canal is called

A

myelopathy - less common

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6
Q

How does Jefferson’s fracture occur

A

Due to axial loading

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7
Q

Symptoms of Horner’s syndrome

A

miosis decrease pupil size
partial ptosis drooping eyelid
andhidrosis decreased sweating on the affected side of face
enophthalmos - shrunken appearance of the eyeball

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8
Q

Hangman’s fracture

A

Fracture of the axis C2

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9
Q

Which part of the vertebrae is fractured in hangman’s fracture

A

Paris intra-articularis (region between the superior and inferior articular processes)

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10
Q

Mechanism of hangman’s fracture

A

Hyperextension

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11
Q

fracture of odontoid process

A

Due to hyperextension or hyper flexion

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12
Q

How can you detect a odontoid fracture

A

Open mouth x-ray

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13
Q

A protective factor against spinal cord injury is

A

Vertebral foramen is relative large relative to the diameter of the cord

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14
Q

Cervical intervertebral disc prolapse

A

Disc herniation tear develops in the annulus fibrosus of the disc and the nucleus pulposus protrudes from the desk into the spinal cord

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15
Q

Cervical myelopathy

A

Spinal cord dysfunction due to depression the cord due to the narrowing of the spinal canal

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16
Q

Classical presentations of myelopathy

A
Loss of balance of poor coordination
decreased dexterity
weakness
numbness
severe cases paralysis
17
Q

Hoffman’s test

A

Dr holds the patient’s middle finger at the middle phalanx and flexor fingernail
if there is no movement in the index finger after this motion the patient has a negative Hoffman sign

18
Q

Badinski sign

A

The lateral side of the solver for a straight with a blunt instrument from the heel towards the shares

Normal to flexion in a negative test
in a positive test the hallux also flexes and the to chose fan out

This is just damaged along track of the spinal cord

19
Q

The most common cancers that arise from solid organs and spread to bone are

A

Breast, lung, thyroid, kidney and prostate

20
Q

infection of the intervertable disc

A

spondylodiscitsis

21
Q

Infection of intervertebral disc leads to

A

Bony ischaemia and infarction. Chris of the brain then allows direct spread of organisms into adjacent to space, epidural space and adjacent vertical bodies. Note that intervertebral disc is a vascular hence the organisms must be placed the

22
Q

Septic thrombosis lean to ischaemia
compression of the neurological elements by abscesses or inflammatory cells
direct invasion of neural elements by Inflammatroy tissue
mechanical collapse of bone leading to instability particular in chronic infections

A

Septic thrombosis lean to ischaemia
compression of the neurological elements by abscesses or inflammatory cells
direct invasion of neural elements by Inflammatroy tissue
mechanical collapse of bone leading to instability particular in chronic infections

23
Q

Injury to the upper brachial plexus

A

Excessive increase in the angle between the neck and shoulders

24
Q

When is this occur

A

Trauma during birth of baby

25
Which nerve roots are damaged in the upper brachial plexus
C5 and C6 routes
26
C5 route function
Shoulder abduction and external rotation
27
C6 route function
Elbow flexion wrist extension supination
28
Upper brachial plexus damage can be known as
Erbs Palsy
29
Symptoms of Erb's Palsy
Limb hangs by the side in medial rotation with an adduction arm
30
Lower brachial plexus injury
Forced hyperextension or hyper abduction such as when some of all from a height and grabbed onto a tree, baby’s arm is delivered first and traction as a party and deliver the rest of the baby
31
Lower brachial plexus injury can be known as
Klumpke’s palsy
32
Routes which are Affected in lower brachial plexus injury
C8 T1
33
C8 Nerve root function
Finger flexion finger extension
34
T1 route nerve function
Finger adduction finger abduction
35
Winged Scapular caused by loss of what muscle
muscles is the serratus anterior holds the scapula against the rib cage
36
which nerve is damaged to cause winging of the scapular
Long thoracic nerve damage paralysis the serratus anterior
37
Different types of lymph nodes (apical)
``` Anterior Posterior Infraclavicular Central Apical lateral ```