The cervical, thoracic spine, Brachcial Plexus

Question 1

Cervical Spondylosis cause

Answer 1

Chronic degenerative osteoarthritis primary pathologies due to age-related disc degeneration

Question 2

What can be seen on an x-ray of cervical spondylosis

Answer 2

Osteophytes, narrowing of the intervertebral forramina

Question 3

Narrowing of the intervertebral foramina can lead to

Answer 3

Radiculopathy

Question 4

Symptoms of radiculopathy

Answer 4

Pain and weakness

Question 5

Narrowing of the spinal canal is called

Answer 5

myelopathy - less common

Question 6

How does Jefferson’s fracture occur

Answer 6

Due to axial loading

Question 7

Symptoms of Horner’s syndrome

Answer 7

miosis decrease pupil size
partial ptosis drooping eyelid
andhidrosis decreased sweating on the affected side of face
enophthalmos - shrunken appearance of the eyeball

Question 8

Hangman’s fracture

Answer 8

Fracture of the axis C2

Question 9

Which part of the vertebrae is fractured in hangman’s fracture

Answer 9

Paris intra-articularis (region between the superior and inferior articular processes)

Question 10

Mechanism of hangman’s fracture

Answer 10

Hyperextension

Question 11

fracture of odontoid process

Answer 11

Due to hyperextension or hyper flexion

Question 12

How can you detect a odontoid fracture

Answer 12

Open mouth x-ray

Question 13

A protective factor against spinal cord injury is

Answer 13

Vertebral foramen is relative large relative to the diameter of the cord

Question 14

Cervical intervertebral disc prolapse

Answer 14

Disc herniation tear develops in the annulus fibrosus of the disc and the nucleus pulposus protrudes from the desk into the spinal cord

Question 15

Cervical myelopathy

Answer 15

Spinal cord dysfunction due to depression the cord due to the narrowing of the spinal canal

Question 16

Classical presentations of myelopathy

Answer 16

Loss of balance of poor coordination
decreased dexterity
weakness
numbness
severe cases paralysis

Question 17

Hoffman’s test

Answer 17

Dr holds the patient’s middle finger at the middle phalanx and flexor fingernail
if there is no movement in the index finger after this motion the patient has a negative Hoffman sign

Question 18

Badinski sign

Answer 18

The lateral side of the solver for a straight with a blunt instrument from the heel towards the shares

Normal to flexion in a negative test
in a positive test the hallux also flexes and the to chose fan out

This is just damaged along track of the spinal cord

Question 19

The most common cancers that arise from solid organs and spread to bone are

Answer 19

Breast, lung, thyroid, kidney and prostate

Question 20

infection of the intervertable disc

Answer 20

spondylodiscitsis

Question 21

Infection of intervertebral disc leads to

Answer 21

Bony ischaemia and infarction. Chris of the brain then allows direct spread of organisms into adjacent to space, epidural space and adjacent vertical bodies. Note that intervertebral disc is a vascular hence the organisms must be placed the

Question 22

Septic thrombosis lean to ischaemia
compression of the neurological elements by abscesses or inflammatory cells
direct invasion of neural elements by Inflammatroy tissue
mechanical collapse of bone leading to instability particular in chronic infections

Answer 22

Septic thrombosis lean to ischaemia
compression of the neurological elements by abscesses or inflammatory cells
direct invasion of neural elements by Inflammatroy tissue
mechanical collapse of bone leading to instability particular in chronic infections

Question 23

Injury to the upper brachial plexus

Answer 23

Excessive increase in the angle between the neck and shoulders

Question 24

When is this occur

Answer 24

Trauma during birth of baby

Question 25

Which nerve roots are damaged in the upper brachial plexus

Answer 25

C5 and C6 routes

Question 26

C5 route function

Answer 26

Shoulder abduction and external rotation

Question 27

C6 route function

Answer 27

Elbow flexion wrist extension supination

Question 28

Upper brachial plexus damage can be known as

Answer 28

Erbs Palsy

Question 29

Symptoms of Erb’s Palsy

Answer 29

Limb hangs by the side in medial rotation with an adduction arm

Question 30

Lower brachial plexus injury

Answer 30

Forced hyperextension or hyper abduction such as when some of all from a height and grabbed onto a tree, baby’s arm is delivered first and traction as a party and deliver the rest of the baby

Question 31

Lower brachial plexus injury can be known as

Answer 31

Klumpke’s palsy

Question 32

Routes which are Affected in lower brachial plexus injury

Answer 32

C8 T1

Question 33

C8 Nerve root function

Answer 33

Finger flexion finger extension

Question 34

T1 route nerve function

Answer 34

Finger adduction finger abduction

Question 35

Winged Scapular caused by loss of what muscle

Answer 35

muscles is the serratus anterior holds the scapula against the rib cage

Question 36

which nerve is damaged to cause winging of the scapular

Answer 36

Long thoracic nerve damage paralysis the serratus anterior

Question 37

Different types of lymph nodes (apical)

Answer 37

Anterior
Posterior
Infraclavicular
Central
Apical
lateral