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Neuroanatomy > The Cerebellum, Midline Structures And Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

The Cerebellum, Midline Structures And Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Location of cerebellum

A

Immediately beneath the occipital lobe

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2
Q

What separates the cerebellum and occipital lobe

A

Tentorium cerebelli- a fold of dura

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3
Q

What connects the brainstem and cerebellum

A

3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles

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4
Q

Number of pairs of cerebellar peduncles

A

3

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5
Q

What are the walls of the fourth ventricle

A

Posterior pons and medulla ventrally
Cerebellum dorsally

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6
Q

How many lobes form the cerebellum

A

3

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7
Q

3 lobes of cerebellum

A

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe

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8
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior lobe of the cerebellum

A

Primary fissure

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9
Q

Where is the horizontal fissure in the cerebellum

A

Posterior lobe

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10
Q

Location of floculonodular lobe

A

Most ventral

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11
Q

Floculonodular lobe

A

Made up of flocculus and nodule

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12
Q

Where is the flocculus located

A

Beneath the cerebellar peduncles

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13
Q

Where is the nodule located

A

Midline

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14
Q

Is the anterior or posterior lobe of the cerebellum larger

A

Posterior

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15
Q

What divides the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

Vermis

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16
Q

Folia

A

Gyri in the cerebellum
Much smaller

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17
Q

Number of functional areas of the cerebellum

A

3

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18
Q

3 functional areas of the cerebellum

A

Spino-cerebellum
Cerebro-cerebellum
Vestibulo-cerebellum

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19
Q

What anatomical part of the cerebellum is the spino-cerebellum

A

Vermis

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20
Q

What anatomical part of the cerebellum is the cerebro -cerebellum

A

Lateral hemispheres

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21
Q

What anatomical part of the cerebellum is the vestibulo-cerebellum

A

Floculonodular lobe

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22
Q

Primary input of the spino-cerebellum

A

Spinocerebellar tracts

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23
Q

Primary input of the cerebro-cerebellum

A

Cerebral cortex

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24
Q

Primary input of the vestibulo-cerebellum

A

Vestibular system - inner ear

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25
Q

Which cerebellar peduncle does the spino -cerebellum receive its fibres from

A

Superior and inferior

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26
Q

Which cerebellar peduncle does the cerebro -cerebellum receive its fibres from

A

Middle

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27
Q

Which cerebellar peduncle does the vestibulocochlear -cerebellum receive its fibres from

A

Inferior

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28
Q

Function of spino-cerebellum

A

Correction and modulation of fine movements

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29
Q

Function of cerebro-cerebellum

A

Planning and coordinating movements

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30
Q

Function of vestibulo-cerebellum

A

Balance, posture, tone and stabilisation of eye movements

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31
Q

3 paired arteries supplying the cerebellum

A

Superior cerebellar arteries
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

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32
Q

Which artery does the superior cerebellar arteries branch from

A

Basilar artery

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33
Q

Which artery does the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries branch from

A

Basilar

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34
Q

Which artery does the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries branch from

A

Vertebral arteries

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35
Q

Cerebellar dysfunction

A

Heavy alcohol consumption or a lesion of the cerebellum such as a stroke or tumour may cause symptoms reflective of disruption to the cerebellum’s functions. The acronym VANISHED can be used to remember these symptoms:

Vertigo
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Slurred speech
Hypotonia
Exaggerated past-pointing
Dysdiadochokinesia

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36
Q

Vertigo

A

as the cerebellum receives and processes a large amount of input from the vestibular system such as our sense of balance and the perception of movement, vertigo may be caused if it is damaged.

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37
Q

Ataxia

A

this term means poor coordination. Typically, it is obvious when observing a patient’s gait, as the patient may appear unstable, with a very wide step to try to stabilise themselves.

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38
Q

Nystagmus

A

this term refers to the subtle, rapid, backwards-and-forwards eye movements that can be observed when looking closely at a patient’s eyes at the extremes of their gaze. A small amount of horizontal nystagmus may be considered normal, but vertical or rotational nystagmus is almost always abnormal. There are other causes of nystagmus, but without a functioning cerebellum able to stabilise eye movements, patients may develop this symptom.

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39
Q

Intention tremors

A

tremors are features of various neurological diseases and vary in character. In contrast to a Parkinson’s disease tremor, a tremor caused by a cerebellar lesion is absent at rest and appears as the patient ‘intends’ to do something, such as put their arms outstretched, or pick something up. This is because the cerebellum is unable to correct and modulate fine movements to stabilise the arm and hand.

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40
Q

Slurred speech

A

coordination of fine movements is one of the functions of the cerebellum and this extends to the coordination of muscles involved in articulation of speech so cerebellar dysfunction may cause patients to have slurred speech.

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41
Q

Hypotonia

A

maintenance of tone and posture are functions of the vestibulocerebellum and therefore, cerebellar dysfunction will cause lack of tone.

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42
Q

Exaggerated past-pointing

A

this is observed when asking a patient to touch their own nose, then reach out to touch the tip of your finger as you hold it in front of them. Rapid correctional movements are coordinated by the cerebellum to ensure their finger touches the target. Patients with cerebellar dysfunction are unable to correct their movements, so often ‘overshoot’ your fingertip when reaching for it and ‘point past’ it.

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43
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia

A

often abbreviated to DDK, this symptom is demonstrated by asking a patient to rapidly alternate between touching the palmar and dorsal parts of their fingers onto the opposite palm. Patients with cerebellar dysfunction will struggle to coordinate this movement smoothly and will have difficulty rapidly pronating and supinating their forearms or will miss the palm entirely.
 

44
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Primary connection between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
A group of commissural fibres

45
Q

What is the primary connection between the left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

46
Q

Thalamus

A

Central structure that acts as a relay for numerous functions of the brain including motor, sensory, visual, auditory, cognitive and emotional pathways

47
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis- exerts control over numerous hormonal endocrine functions of the body and autonomic nervous system

48
Q

Location of hypothalamus

A

Immediately below thalamus

49
Q

Location of pituitary gland

A

At the end of a stalk (infundibulum)
Sits in the pituitary fossa (sella turcica) of the splendid bone
Optic chiasm immediately superior to it

50
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Hormone secretion

51
Q

Infundibulum

A

Stalk of pituitary gland

52
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin- hormone controls our sleep-wake cycle

53
Q

Location of pineal gland

A

Part of diencephalon
Located immediately posterior to the colliculi of the midbrain

54
Q

What secretes melatonin

A

Pineal gland

55
Q

Calcarine sulcus

A

Within this sulcus of the occipital lobe is the primary visual cortex

56
Q

Limbic system

A

A group of deep brain structures that play a significant role in functions including learning, memory, emotional comtrol

57
Q

What does the limbic system contain

A

Fornix
Mammillary bodies
Hippocampus
Parahippocampal Gyri
Cingulate gyrus and cingulate sulcus
Sections of the olfactory and insular cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens and amygdala

58
Q

Fornix

A

Similar in shape to corpus callosum but much smaller

59
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

Small, round nuclei located at the anterior tip of the fornix

60
Q

Location of hippocampus

A

Immediately inferior to the inferior horn of each lateral ventricle
Part of the temporal lobes

61
Q

Hippocampus

A

Integral in converting short-term memory to long-term memory

62
Q

Parahippocampal Gyri

A

Gyri of the temporal cortices located next to the hippocampi

63
Q

Cingulate gyrus and cingulate sulcus

A

A large gyrus and associated sulcus that is superior to it which are located immediately superior to the corpus callosum on both sides of the cerebrum

64
Q

Cingulum

A

Association fibres

Fibres that travel from the cingulate gyrus to other parts of the limbic system- namely the Parahippocampal gyrus

65
Q

Association fibres

A

Fibres that connect different parts of the same hemisphere

66
Q

Commissural fibres

A

Fibres that cross the commissures into the opposite cerebrum

67
Q

Amnesia

A

As the limbic system, and particularly the hippocampus, is responsible for formation of memory and conversion of short-term memory into long-term memory, a head injury or a disease which affects this area of the brain can cause amnesia. Amnesia can be classified into retrograde amnesia (meaning patients cannot recall events that took place prior to the onset of amnesia) or anterograde amnesia (meaning patients cannot create new memories after the onset but are able to recall long-term memories of things prior to the onset).

68
Q

Basal ganglia

A

A group of deep nuclei of the brain that contribute to the coordination, control and inhibition of motor function

69
Q

5 named parts of the basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus
Globus pallidus
Putamen
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus

70
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

A c-shaped structure that rest immediately medial to, and follows the curvature of the lateral ventricle

71
Q

Globus pallidus

A

A triangular-shaped nucleus that can be divided into an internal and external part

72
Q

Putamen

A

An oval-shaped nucleus found immediately lateral to the Globus pallidus

73
Q

Substantia nigra

A

A black nucleus found in the midbrain

74
Q

What does the Substantia nigra produce

A

Dopamine

75
Q

Subthalamic nucleus

A

A small nucleus located inferior to the thalamus but superior to the Substantia nigra

76
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

Putamen and Globus pallidus

77
Q

Striatum

A

Caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus (Putamen and Globus pallidus)

78
Q

Amygdala location

A

A small spherical nucleus at the tip of the inferior horn of the caudate nucleus

79
Q

Amygdala function

A

Involved in memory and emotional responses such as fear and anxiety

80
Q

Nucleus accumbens location

A

At the anterior junction between the caudate nucleus and outamen

81
Q

Nucleus accumbens function

A

Plays a role in reward systems and is a subject of research in addiction

82
Q

Which structures are part of the basal ganglia anatomically but functionally part of the limbic system

A

Nucleus accumbens
Amygdala

83
Q

Internal capsule

A

A bundle of white matter tracts between the Globus pallidus and thalamus

84
Q

Internal capsule function

A

Forms part of the route the majority of sensory and motor axons travelling to and from the cortex
Projection fibres as they connect the cortex to deeper structures

85
Q

Projection fibres

A

Connect cortex to deeper structures

86
Q

Corona radiata

A

Axons that pass from the internal capsule to the cortex
Shaped such a way that they radiate out of the internal capsule towards the cortex

87
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Parkinson’s disease is caused by degeneration of the dopamine-producing neurones of the substantia nigra. This leads to a reduction in the passage of impulses within the basal ganglia which impairs the initiation and inhibition of movement. The most characteristic symptom is a ‘pill-rolling’ resting tremor. Other symptoms include a shuffling gait with small steps which is difficult to initiate and difficult to stop, ‘cogwheel’ rigidity best seen in the upper limb muscles, micrographia (very small handwriting) and a ‘mask-like’ loss of facial expression. Dopamine can be replaced with an oral precursor drug called levodopa which can temporarily reduce the severity the symptoms.

88
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Huntington’s disease (or Huntington’s chorea) is an autosomal-dominant genetic disorder that leads to gradual damage to cells in various places within the brain. Symptoms include mood and personality changes, cognitive impairment, and motor dysfunction. Within the basal ganglia, Huntington’s disease mainly affects the striatum, and this leads to the characteristic movement disorder known as ‘chorea’. Chorea involves sudden, jerky and uncontrollable movements of the face, arms and legs.
 

89
Q
  1. What are the names of the three lobes of the cerebellum?
A

Anterior
Posterior
Floculonodular

90
Q
  1. Which arteries supply the cerebellum?
A

Superior cerebellar
Anterior inferior cerebellar
Posterior inferior cerebellar

91
Q
  1. Give four symptoms of a cerebellar stroke.
A

Vertigo
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremors

92
Q
  1. Which structure connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
A

Infundibulum

93
Q
  1. What is the function of the pineal gland? Describe where it is located in the brain.
A

Secretes melatonin involved in circadian cycle
Immediately superior to midbrain superior colliculi

94
Q
  1. Which structures of the brain are located on each side of the third ventricle?
A

Thalamus

95
Q
  1. Parkinson’s disease is caused by a lack of which neurotransmitter? Where is this neurotransmitter produced in the basal ganglia?
A

Dopamine
Substantia nigra

96
Q
  1. The floors of the lateral ventricles are formed from which structure of the basal ganglia?
A

Caudate nuclei

97
Q
  1. What is the name for the type of fibres that:
    a. Connect corresponding regions of two hemispheres by crossing the midline.

 

A

Commissures

98
Q
  1. What is the name for the type of fibres that:
    b. Connect various cortical regions within the same hemisphere.

 

A

Association finres

99
Q
  1. What is the name for the type of fibres that:
    c. Connect the cortex to deeper parts of the brain.

 

A

Projection fibres

100
Q

Arterial supply to the basal ganglia

A

Lenticulo-striate arteries
(Branches of ACA + MCA)

101
Q

What part of the brainstem does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect to

A

Midbrain

102
Q

What part of the brainstem does the middle cerebellar peduncle connect to

A

Pons

103
Q

What part of the brainstem does the inferior cerebellar peduncle connect to

A

Medulla

104
Q

In which lobe is the amygdala

A

Temporal lobe

105
Q

3 parts of caudate nucleus

A

Head
Body
Tail

106
Q

Is the Putamen or Globus pallidus more lateral

A

Putamen

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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