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HLTH1000 > the central nervous system > Flashcards

the central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the skull / vertebrae

A
  • outermost protective layer

- spinal cord runs down vertebral canal

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2
Q

what is the meninges

A
  • cover entire CNS, connective tissue (membranes)
  • dura mater: tough, fibrous, connective, external, two layers, periosteal (attaches to periosteum of skull), meningeal (true external covering of brain), fused but in some spaces sinuses occur (space, collect venous blood from brain)
  • arachnoid: loose meshwork of fibres, contains BV
  • pia mater: delicate, contains BV, directly attached to surface of brain
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3
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • occupies space in middle layer of meninges brain cavities, brain ventricles and centre of spinal cord
  • watery, clear, some cells, glucose, proteins (less than plasma), urea, lactic acid, ions, WBC’s, salt, constant V
  • support (brain floats in it), protection (shock absorber, cushioning), transport nutrients / wastes (nourish brain, carry signals, removes waste)
  • formed by blood, circulates CNS and re-enters blood
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4
Q

what is the blood brain barrier (BBB)

A
  • continuous endothelium (attached via tight junctions) of capillary walls
  • maintain stable environment of brain, selective barrier, separates neurons from some blood borne substances
  • no large molecules of toxic substances, protective mechanism to protect the brain from toxins or parasites
  • pharmacology is developing treatments that can cross BBB
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5
Q

what are the ventricles of the brain

A
  • 4 ventricles
  • connected to one another and to central canal of spinal cord, lined by ependymal cells, contain CSF
  • 1-2: c-shaped, in cerebral hemispheres, anterior / inferior horns, septum pellucidum (double membrane)
  • 3: in the diencephalon
  • 4: in the hind brain
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6
Q

what are the functional regions of the brain

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • diencephalon
  • brain stem
  • cerebellum
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7
Q

describe the structure of the cerebral hemispheres

A
  • cerebrum: largest division, cerebrum (gray), white mater (myelinated), basal ganglia (grey, deep), 2 hemispheres, 5 lobes
  • gyri: elevated ridges (pre / post central gyrus)
  • sulci: small grooves, divide gyra, central sulcus divides frontal and parietal lobes
  • fissure: deep grooves, divide large regions / lobes, transverse (occipital / cerebellum), longitudinal (left / right hemisphere), lateral / sylvian (temporal / parietal + frontal)
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8
Q

name the lobes of the brain

A
  • frontal, parietal, occipital, insula (deep, under temporal)
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9
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A
  • gray mater outside, cell bodies, dendrites, glia and BV, convolutions = big SA
  • conscious mind, aware of ourselves, communication, memory, understanding
  • motor (impulses to muscles voluntary movement)
  • association (interpret / integrate info, intellectual / emotional responses)
  • sensory (receive / process impulses, conscious awareness of sensation)
  • contralateral
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10
Q

what is the fontal lobe

A
  • primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrus), conscious control of precise, skilled voluntary movement
  • motor homunculi upside down caricatures, motor innervation, precise motor control (face, tongue, hands) = disproportionately large area in brain
  • pre motor cortex: anterior, learned, repetitious / patterned motor skills
  • contralateral
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11
Q

what is the parietal lobe

A
  • primary somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus), sensory info from skin, skeletal, joints, capable of spatial discrimination (without sight)
  • damage = could not recognise objects without looking at them
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12
Q

what is the occipital lobe

A
  • processing, integrating, interpretation of vision and visual stimuli
  • primary visual cortex: input from retina via optic nerve, does not give meaning (role of cerebellum)
  • visual association area: use past visual experiences to interpret stimuli
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13
Q

what is the temporal lobe

A
  • hearing, language comprehension, memory, information retrieval
  • primary auditory cortex: interprets pitch, loudness, location
  • auditory association area: perception of sound stimulus, whether a scream, thunder, music etc (uses memories)
  • wernickes area: top back of temporal, language comprehension, give meaning to what we read / what people say
  • damage: hear with no meaning
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14
Q

what is an ischemic stroke

A
  • blood circulation blocked, brain tissue dies
  • blockage of cerebral artery by blood clot (thrombotic)
  • blockage of BV, clot moves and eventually causes blockage to brain (embolic)
  • hemiplegia, sensory / speed deficits, paralysis loss of balance, vertigo, vision loss, speech impairment
  • treat with drugs, stent (remove clot) if quickly administered (4.5 hours after)
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15
Q

what is the diencephalon

A
  • least developed part of brain, eldest region
  • thalamus: gateway to cerebral cortex (sensory info), sorts, edits, relays info, mediates sensation, motor actives, cortical arousal, learning, memory, pleasant / unpleasant stimuli
  • hypothalamus: anterior, autonomic control, emotional / limbic response, regulation
  • epithalamus: posterior, pineal gland (melatonin = sleep)
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16
Q

describe the hypothalamus in detail

A
  • autonomic control centre: regulates visceral functions, BP, rate / force of HB, digestive tract motility, breathing rate / depth
  • emotional response: ANS, perception of pleasure, fear, rage, biological rhythm and drives
  • regulates: body temp (sweating / shivering), food intake (sugar / glucose / AA), water balance (osmotic pressure, thirst, kidneys)
  • controls: release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland (directly attached)
  • produces: ADH (reabsorption of water) and O (oxytocin, contraction of uterus, breastfeeding)
17
Q

what is the brainstem made up of

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
18
Q

what is the mid brain

A
  • between diencephalon and pons, posterior, cerebral aqueduct (connects 3-4 ventricles)
  • nuclei controls CN3-4 (external muscles of eye)
  • colliculi (superior visual and inferior hearing reflexes)
  • substantia nigra (dark = melatonin, dopamine, damage = Parkinson’s)
  • red nuclei: high capillaries and iron cells, involuntary movement
19
Q

what is the pons

A
  • bridge

- connect higher brain centre and spinal cord

20
Q

what is the medulla oblongata

A
  • contains choroid plexus (produces CSF) of 4th ventricle
  • just above spinal cord medulla, junction fibres cross over (decussation of pyramids = contralateral control of body)
  • cranial nerves: 8 (equilibrium), 10 (parasympathetic) and 12 (tongue movement)
  • autonomic reflex centre
  • cardiovascular centre: activity of heart, contraction
  • respiratory centre: breathing process, damage = death
21
Q

what is the cerebellum

A
  • word association and puzzle solving - coordination of fine contractions of muscles (smooth movements)
  • maintenance of posture and balance (receives from inner ear, unconsciously)
  • cerebellar ataxia (lack of coordination, clumsy speech, movement of limbs, gait), caused by (bleeding, ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, cancer, alcoholism)
22
Q

describe communication within the cerebral white mater

A
  • contains axons, communicating tracts that connect gray matter, 3 arrangements
  • projection tracts: extend vertically, cerebral cortex to spinal cord
  • commissural tracts: cross cerebral hemispheres, extend horizontally
  • association tracts: connect different regions within same hemisphere
23
Q

what are corticospinal tracts

A
  • rapid, direct mechanism for controlling skeletal muscles
    1. originate in pre central gyrus (frontal lobe)
    2. pyramidal neuron = UMN form corticospinal tract (CCST)
    4. exit spinal cord via anterior root
    5. 10% axons dont decussate at medulla (anterior)
    6. 90% axons decussate and form CST tract (lateral)
    7. synapse at anterior grey horn of spinal cord, form LMN
    8. reach skeletal muscles
24
Q

what is the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway

A
  • detect discriminative touch and body position
  • sensory nerve endings in skin relay sensory neurons
  • cuneatus: afferent impulses, upper limbs / trunk, neck
  • gracilis: impulses from lower limbs, inferior body trunk
  • pass through thalamus, relayed to ventro postero lateral nucleus
  • reach dorsal root ganglion and fibres run in dorsal column (posterior funiculi)
25
Q

what is the spinal cord

A
  • begins at foramen magnum ends at conus medullaris
  • two way communication to and from brain
  • spinal reflex centres
  • protection = vertebral column / meninges
  • cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
  • cervical and lumbar enlargements = supplies upper / lower limbs
26
Q

describe the cross section of the spinal cord

A
  • anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
  • gray: inner, surrounds central canal, butterfly, cell bodies, 3 horns (posterior dorsal, anterior ventral and lateral = only in T and L regions),
  • white: 3 columns (funiculi), dorsal (posterior), ventral (anterior) and lateral (lateral) = divided into sensory / motor tracts
27
Q

what are 2 examples of spinal cord trauma (paralysis)

A
  • flaccid: ventral root / horn damage, impulses do not reach muscles, no voluntary / involuntary, smaller muscles (atrophy)
  • spastic: damage to UMN of primary motor cortex, spinal neurons in tact, no voluntary movement, spinal reflexes occur, shorter muscles
28
Q

what is SCI

A
  • spinal cord injury (acute / chronic)
  • ASIA guidelines = motor control vs sensory assessment
  • little hope in terms of treatment
29
Q

what is poliomyelitis

A
  • infection of polio virus, contact with faeces / contaminated water, worldwide epidemic
  • destroys ventral horn motor neurons, no connection between spinal cord and muscles (flaccid paralysis)
  • incubation period = 5-35 days
30
Q

what is ALS

A
  • amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • 3-8 per 100000, risk increase with age (56-63)
  • asymmetric, destroys ventral horn and pyramidal tract, limb weakness = greater in upper extremities
  • glutamate excitotoxicity produced in CNS increase in conc. = kill neurons
  • free radical toxicity or mitochondrial dysfunction

HLTH1000 (14 decks)

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