articulations and movement

Question 1

what is the anatomical position

Answer 1

• standardised method of observing body
• standing upright, facing observer, eyes facing forward, feet flat on floor, arms at sides, palms turned forward (thumbs pointing upwards)

Question 2

describe the 8 anatomical terms used when describing movement / the body

Answer 2

• proximal: towards the trunk
• distal: away from the trunk
• superior: towards the head (top / cranial)
• inferior: away from the head (bottom / caudal)
• posterior / dorsal: towards the back
• anterior / ventral / rostral: towards the front
• medial: towards the middle
• lateral: away from the midline

Question 3

what are the body planes and sections

Answer 3

• sagittal (mid sagittal or para sagittal)
• frontal (coronal, anterior / posterior)
• transverse (cross section, horizontal, inferior / superior
• section: surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures, named according to plane cut was made on

Question 4

what is the difference between planes and axis

Answer 4

• plane: surface where movement occurs
• axis: line around which movement occurs (frontal, sagittal and vertical)
• axis = perpendicular to plane

Question 5

what are the examples of movement in the body (7)

Answer 5

• adduction / abduction: movement in frontal plane about sagittal axis
• flexion / extension: sagittal plane about frontal axis
• rotation: transverse plane about vertical axis, bone revolves around own longitudinal axis
• circumduction: distal end of body part in a circle, flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
• inversion / eversion: foot movement
• dorsi / plantar flexion: walking, movement of foot
• supination / pronation: forarm, supination (palm = anteriorly), pronation (palm = posteriorly X shape)

Question 6

what is a ligament and a strain

Answer 6

• joins bone to bone
• acts as a rope connected at their ends
• comprised of collagen, not elastic, only stretches 6% of length
• usually across a joint
• limits movement by tightening
• prevent extremities of movement, guide movements
• strain: over stretched / torn, soft tissue injury, ligament and joint capsule

Question 7

what are the structural classification of joints

Answer 7

• fibrous: immovable / slightly movable
• cartilaginous: slightly movable
• synovial: freely movable , synovial fluid = lubrication

Question 8

what are the movement classification of joints

Answer 8

• synarthrosis: little or no movement
• amphiarthrosis: slightly movable
• diarthrosis: freely movable

Question 9

what is a fibrous joint and types of fibrous joints

Answer 9

• fibrotic tissue, collagen fibres
• sutures: bind skull bones together, ossify and fuse in middle age, expansion of cranium following growth of brain, craniosyntosis (fusion of bone skulls at birth = abnormal, abnormalities), serrate, lap and plane
• gomphoses: ‘peg in socket’, tooth in socket, short periodontal ligament (collagen fibres attach to tooth and jawbone), slight movement when chewing
• syndesmosis: bones bound by ligament (interosseous membrane), most movable of fibrous, movement depends on length of fibre

Question 10

what is a cartilaginous joint and types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 10

• synchondrosis: connecting tissue is hyaline cartilage, epiphyseal plate / rib attachment to sternum
• symphysis: ends of articulating bones = covered in hyaline cartilage / fibrotic tissue, disc of fibrocartilage connects two bones, slight movement (ability to be compressed / expand)
• pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

Question 11

what is a synovial joint

Answer 11

• large range of motions, articular cartilage covers ends of bones (reduce friction, absorb shock), surfaces = enclosed by joint capsule
• synovial fluid: membrane secretes nutrient rich fluid, lubricates

Question 12

what is a hinge joint (synovial)

Answer 12

• convex surface of one bone fits concave surface of another
• uniaxial (knee, elbow, interphalangeal joints)
• flexion, extension, hypertension (beyond anatomical position

Question 13

what is a pivot joint (synovial)

Answer 13

• rounded surface articulates with ring of second bone
• monoaxial (rotation around longitudinal axis)
• atlantoaxial (‘no’)
• proximal end of radioulnar joint (supination / pronation
• atlas and axis

Question 14

what is a condyloid / ellipsoidal joint (synovial)

Answer 14

• oval shape fits into oval depression
• biaxial (flexion extension abduction adduction)
• wrist, metacarpals, phalanges

Question 15

what is a saddle joint (synovial)

Answer 15

• saddle shaped bone and person sitting on saddle
• multi axial (circumduction, opposition - touch all other fingers)
• thumb

Question 16

what is a plane joint (synovial)

Answer 16

• side to side movement
• rotation prevented by ligaments
• inter carpal / inter tarsal

Question 17

what is a ball and socket joint (synovial)

Answer 17

• ball fitting into a cup like depression
• multi axial (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation)
• shoulder and hip

Question 18

what are some joint disorders / types of arthritis

Answer 18

• pain, stiffness, swelling
• osteoarthritis: common, hyaline cartilage on articular surface degenerates, bones grind, affects weight bearing joints (hip knee vertebrae), limited movement
• rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune, synovial membrane = inflamed, excess of liquid, affects wrists, fingers, arms and legs