THE CELLULAR BASIS OF DISEASE

Question 1

whats the difference between acute and chronic?

Answer 1

acute means sudden and severe onset whikst chronic is a long-developing syndrome

Question 2

whats the difference between primary and secondary diseases?

Answer 2

primary diseases are due to the root cause of illness

secondary diseases are caused by a complication that is caused by a primary disease

Question 3

what is pathology?

Answer 3

applying scientistic discovering to curing disease

Question 4

what does predisposition mean?

Answer 4

increased susceptibility to develop a disease

Question 5

what is premalignant?

Answer 5

a lesion or process that will probably transform to invasive malignancy

Question 6

what does atieology mean?

Answer 6

the cause of disease

Question 7

what are the manifestations of a disease?

Answer 7

the display of characteristic signs or symptoms of illness

Question 8

what are some different ways that we can categorise disease?

Answer 8

through...
clinical features
morphological changes
pathogenesis
aetiology
definition

Question 9

what are acidic dyes?

Answer 9

dyes which stain basic components of cells

Question 10

what are basic dyes?

Answer 10

dyes which stain acidic components of cells

Question 11

describe the hematoxylin and eosin stain?

Answer 11

eosin is an acidic dye which stains basic structures pink and hematoxylin is a basic dye which stains acidic structures purplish-blue

Question 12

what is apoptosis?

Answer 12

programmed cell death that provides a homeostatic balance of cell populations mediated by caspases (proteolytic enzymes) = cell suicide

Question 13

what is autophagy?

Answer 13

the process by which cells degrade and recycle their compoonents to provide fuel for energy and building blocks for cell renewal

Question 14

what is pyknosis?

Answer 14

the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus and the condensatio. of the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis

Question 15

what is karyolysis?

Answer 15

the breaking up of the nucleus but remaining within the nuclear membrane

Question 16

what is karyorrhexis?

Answer 16

when the nuclear membrane is fragmented and chromatin is left scattered around the cell

Question 17

what are the 6 types of necrosis?

Answer 17

coagulative necrosis
liquifaction necrosis
caseating necrosis
fat necrosis
fibrinoid necrosis
gangrenous necrosis

Question 18

what is coagulative necrosis?

Answer 18

necrosis as a result of a loss of blood, usually seen in ischaemia. the cells look ghostly microscopically byt tissues remain firm

Question 19

what is liquifactive necrosis?

Answer 19

necrosis caused by neutrophils infiltrating the tissue and releasing their toxic contents - common in infections
tissue looks liquidy, creamy and pussy

Question 20

what is caseating necrosis?

Answer 20

necrosis where macrophages try to kill pathogens causing a continuous influx of inflammatory cells which leaes the tissue lookig soft and caseus (like cheese)

Question 21

what is fat necrosis?

Answer 21

necrosis where damaged cells release lipases which break down lipids. grossly this leaves chalky white areas and histologically you can see lots of dead fat cells and deposits of calcium- often associated with acute pancreatitis

Question 22

what is fibrinoid necrosis?

Answer 22

necrosis caused by immune reactions and antigen+antibody complexes combined with fibrin. grossly the tissue looks normal

Question 23

what is gangrenous necrosis?

Answer 23

when entire limbs loose blood supply and dies. grossly skin looks black with underlying tissue decomposing.

Question 24

what are congenital diseases?

Answer 24

medical conditions present at birth

Question 25

what are acquired diseases?

Answer 25

diseases acquired during the lifetime of an individual and is not present from birth

Question 26

what is hyperplasia?

Answer 26

an increase in cell number

Question 27

what is hypertrophy?

Answer 27

an increase in cell size

Question 28

what is atrophy?

Answer 28

a decrease in size and number of cells

Question 29

what is metaplasia?

Answer 29

replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type that is not normally present in that tissue. e.g. when you smoke theres a transition in the lung tissue from columnar epithelium to squamous

Question 30

describe the steps from metaplasia to neoplasia?

Answer 30

metaplasia (reversible) dysplasia (reversible) neoplasia (irreversible)

Question 31

what is dysplasia?

Answer 31

A term used to describe the presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ.

Question 32

what is neoplasia?

Answer 32

new, uncontrolled growty not under normal phsyiological control

Question 33

what is carcinoma?

Answer 33

a type of cancer that starts in cells that make up the skin or the tissue lining organs

Question 34

what are the 2 types of neoplasms?

Answer 34

benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous)

Question 35

what is the suffix for a benign neoplasm?

Answer 35

-oma

Question 36

what is the suffix for a malignant neoplasms?

Answer 36

-blastoma

Question 37

what are the indicatiosn that the neoplasm is benign?

Answer 37

``` its slow gorwing has a smooth tumour edge due to expansive growth it may be encapsulated it has a homogenous cut surface it has good resemblance to tissue origin has a uniform cell size and shape ```

Question 38

what are the indicatiosn that the neoplasm is malignant?

Answer 38

its rapidly growing has frequent ulcerations evidence of metastasis (spread) irregular tumour edge due to infiltrative growth poor resemblance to tissue origin highly variable cell size and shape numerous mitotic figures (cells dividing)

Question 39

what are iatrogenic diseases?

Answer 39

diseases caused by the result of treatment or interventions eg surgery complications