THE CELLULAR BASIS OF DISEASE Flashcards
whats the difference between acute and chronic?
acute means sudden and severe onset whikst chronic is a long-developing syndrome
whats the difference between primary and secondary diseases?
primary diseases are due to the root cause of illness
secondary diseases are caused by a complication that is caused by a primary disease
what is pathology?
applying scientistic discovering to curing disease
what does predisposition mean?
increased susceptibility to develop a disease
what is premalignant?
a lesion or process that will probably transform to invasive malignancy
what does atieology mean?
the cause of disease
what are the manifestations of a disease?
the display of characteristic signs or symptoms of illness
what are some different ways that we can categorise disease?
through... clinical features morphological changes pathogenesis aetiology definition
what are acidic dyes?
dyes which stain basic components of cells
what are basic dyes?
dyes which stain acidic components of cells
describe the hematoxylin and eosin stain?
eosin is an acidic dye which stains basic structures pink and hematoxylin is a basic dye which stains acidic structures purplish-blue
what is apoptosis?
programmed cell death that provides a homeostatic balance of cell populations mediated by caspases (proteolytic enzymes) = cell suicide
what is autophagy?
the process by which cells degrade and recycle their compoonents to provide fuel for energy and building blocks for cell renewal
what is pyknosis?
the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus and the condensatio. of the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis
what is karyolysis?
the breaking up of the nucleus but remaining within the nuclear membrane
what is karyorrhexis?
when the nuclear membrane is fragmented and chromatin is left scattered around the cell
what are the 6 types of necrosis?
coagulative necrosis liquifaction necrosis caseating necrosis fat necrosis fibrinoid necrosis gangrenous necrosis
what is coagulative necrosis?
necrosis as a result of a loss of blood, usually seen in ischaemia. the cells look ghostly microscopically byt tissues remain firm
what is liquifactive necrosis?
necrosis caused by neutrophils infiltrating the tissue and releasing their toxic contents - common in infections
tissue looks liquidy, creamy and pussy
what is caseating necrosis?
necrosis where macrophages try to kill pathogens causing a continuous influx of inflammatory cells which leaes the tissue lookig soft and caseus (like cheese)
what is fat necrosis?
necrosis where damaged cells release lipases which break down lipids. grossly this leaves chalky white areas and histologically you can see lots of dead fat cells and deposits of calcium- often associated with acute pancreatitis
what is fibrinoid necrosis?
necrosis caused by immune reactions and antigen+antibody complexes combined with fibrin. grossly the tissue looks normal
what is gangrenous necrosis?
when entire limbs loose blood supply and dies. grossly skin looks black with underlying tissue decomposing.
what are congenital diseases?
medical conditions present at birth
what are acquired diseases?
diseases acquired during the lifetime of an individual and is not present from birth
what is hyperplasia?
an increase in cell number
what is hypertrophy?
an increase in cell size
what is atrophy?
a decrease in size and number of cells
what is metaplasia?
replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type that is not normally present in that tissue.
e.g. when you smoke theres a transition in the lung tissue from columnar epithelium to squamous
describe the steps from metaplasia to neoplasia?
metaplasia (reversible)
dysplasia (reversible)
neoplasia (irreversible)
what is dysplasia?
A term used to describe the presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ.
what is neoplasia?
new, uncontrolled growty not under normal phsyiological control
what is carcinoma?
a type of cancer that starts in cells that make up the skin or the tissue lining organs
what are the 2 types of neoplasms?
benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous)
what is the suffix for a benign neoplasm?
-oma
what is the suffix for a malignant neoplasms?
-blastoma
what are the indicatiosn that the neoplasm is benign?
its slow gorwing has a smooth tumour edge due to expansive growth it may be encapsulated it has a homogenous cut surface it has good resemblance to tissue origin has a uniform cell size and shape
what are the indicatiosn that the neoplasm is malignant?
its rapidly growing
has frequent ulcerations
evidence of metastasis (spread)
irregular tumour edge due to infiltrative growth
poor resemblance to tissue origin
highly variable cell size and shape
numerous mitotic figures (cells dividing)
what are iatrogenic diseases?
diseases caused by the result of treatment or interventions eg surgery complications
