PBL 2

Question 1

what is peripheral vascular disease?

Answer 1

a slow and progressive circulation disorder caused by narrowing, blockages or spasms in blood vessels

Question 2

what is the most common cause of peripheral vascular disease?

Answer 2

atherosclerosis

Question 3

what is intermittent claudication?

Answer 3

leg muscle pain, cramping and fatigue brought on by movement or exercise and is relieved at rest

Question 4

what are symptoms of peripheral vascular disease?

Answer 4

cramping, pain, tiredness in leg/hip, hair loss on legs and feet, numbness or weakness in legs, brittle toenails, ulcers on feet and legs, changing skin colour on legs, shiny skin, erectile dysfunction and muscle wastage in legs

Question 5

what is the treatment for peripheral vascular disease?

Answer 5

lifestyle changes, medication, exercise therapy, balloon angioplasty, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and open procedures

Question 6

what are the complications of peripheral vascular disease?

Answer 6

coronary heart disease, stroke, heart attack, angina and critical limb ischaemia

Question 7

what is coronary heart disease?

Answer 7

when the coronary arteries become clogged with plaques

Question 8

what is angina?

Answer 8

short periods of tight, dull or heavy chest pain caused by coronary heart disease
it may precede a heart attack

Question 9

what are heart attacks?

Answer 9

when the blood supply to the heart is blocked, causing sudden crushing chest pain, shortness of breath and dizziness

Question 10

what are strokes?

Answer 10

when the blood supply to your brain is interrupted, causing the face to droop on one side, weakness on one side of the body and slurred speech

Question 11

what is an atheroma?

Answer 11

a build up of materials in arteries including fats, cholesterol and calcium

Question 12

what is an embolus?

Answer 12

a blood clot thats moving through the vessels in the blood stream

Question 13

what is a thrombus?

Answer 13

a blood clot that forms in the vessels and remains adhered to the vessel wall

Question 14

what are the ways to quit smoking?

Answer 14

medication - varenicline and bipropion
nicotine replacement therapy
1-1 or group stop smoking sessions

Question 15

what are the risk factors to atheromas?

Answer 15

smoking
diabetes
high bp
high cholesterol
increasing age
family history
heart disease
stroke

Question 16

what lifestyle changes can you make to prevent or reduce atheromas?

Answer 16

quit smoking
dietary changes- less salt and sugar
losing weight if overweight
avoiding sitting for long periods of time
exercising every day
dont wear tight clothing if travelling long distances
drink lots of fluids
manage stress

Question 17

what are the stages of tissue death?

Answer 17

thrombosis/embolus -> occlusion -> ischaemia -> infarction

Question 18

what are the 6 types of necrosis?

Answer 18

coagulative
caseous
gangrene
liquifactive
fat
fibrinoid

Question 19

outline how hypoxia can cause necrosis?

Answer 19

in hypoxia, ATP levels drop, cellular functions cannot be maintained, and eventually cells die

Question 20

what are the potential treatment options of hypertension?

Answer 20

lifestyle changes - cutting salt and alcohol, eating healthily, being active, losing weight, drinking less caffeine, stopping smoke
ACE inhibitors
angiotensin 2 receptor blockers
calcium channel blockers
diuretics
beta blockers

Question 21

how do ACE inhibitors work to decrease bp?

Answer 21

they inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme, preventing angiotensin 2 from being produced which dilates the blood vessels so bp decreases

Question 22

how does calcium channel blockers decrease bp?

Answer 22

they prevent calcium from entering cells of the heart and arteries, reducing contraction and allowing vasodilation

Question 23

how do angiotensin 2 receptor blockers reduce bp?

Answer 23

they inhibit angiotensin 2 form binding to tissues which prevents vasoconstriction, decreasing bp

Question 24

how do diuretics lower bp?

Answer 24

they increase urine output from the kidneys to help the body lose salt and water, reducing bp

Question 25

how do beta blockers lower bp?

Answer 25

they antagonise beta adrenergic receptors to prevent epinephrine binding and therefore reduces vasoconstriction

Question 26

what is negligence?

Answer 26

substandard care thats been provided by a medical professional to a patient which has directly caused injury ir caused an existing condition to get worse

Question 27

what are some examples of medical negligence?

Answer 27

misdiagnosis
incorrect treatment
surgical mistakes

Question 28

what are the 4 factors which you need to prove someone is negligent?

Answer 28

negligence - the negligent person has a duty to the injured individual/geenral public
breach of care - the negligent actions were not something a prudent person wouldve done
damages - the damage was directly caused by the negligence
causation - some form of actual harm or injury occured

Question 29

how can you reduce the risk of professional negligence?

Answer 29

• always act in the best interest of your patient
• warn patients of all possible risks
• keep the workspace safe
• find all info you need before you proceed
• only use tools and equipment for their intended purpose
• properly train your staff
• ensure everyone is properly certified
• never share confidential info
• take out professional indemnity insurance

Question 30

what is the duty of care?

Answer 30

a legal obligation to:

• always act in the best interest of individuals and others
• not act or fail to act in a way that results in harm
• act within your competence/not take on anything you do not believe you can safely do