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M2C > The Cells of Organ Tissues > Flashcards

The Cells of Organ Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the intracellular components interactions that tissues, organs, & organ systems depend on?

A

nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, & organelles

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2
Q

True or False: The functional interactions of these intracellular components is largely the same across cell types

A

True

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3
Q

Organelles

A

mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes

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4
Q

Extracellular Proteins

A

transport (B-globin),
morphogens (sonic hedgehog), protein inhibition (a1- antitrypsin, emphysema, liver disease),
hemostasis
hormones (insulin)
ECM (collagen type 1)
inflammation, infection response (factor H, age-related)

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Metabolic enzymes (phenylalanine hydroxylase, PKU, adenosine deaminase (severe combined immunodeficiency)

Cytoskeleton (dystrophin, Duchenne muscular dystrophy)

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

developmental transcription factors

genome integrity (BRCA1, BRAC2 breast cancer; DNA mismatch repair proteins

RNA translation regulation (EMRP to suppress translation, fragile X syndrome)

Chromatin-associated proteins

Tumor suppressors (Rb protein)

Oncogenes (BCR-Abi, leukemia)

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7
Q

Cell Surface

A

hormone receptors (androgen)

metabolic factor receptors (hypercholesterolemia)

growth factor receptors (FGFR3)

ion transport (CFTR, cycstic fibrosis)

antigen presentation (HLA locus, type 1 diabetes mellitus)

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8
Q

the human body is comprised of how many cells?

A

37 trillion (37x 10^12) cells

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9
Q

Barrier cells include

A

epithelial, endothelial, & epidermal cells

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10
Q

secretory & absorptive cells are

A

epithelial cells

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11
Q

signal transmitting cells are

A

nerve cells

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12
Q

connective tissue cells are

A

fibroblasts, bone, cartilage, adipocytes, & hematopoietic cells

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13
Q

energy storing cells include

A

adipocytes & muscle cells

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14
Q

contractile cells include

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, & smooth muscle cells

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15
Q

blood cells include

A

erythrocytes & leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, & lymphocytes)

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16
Q

regenerative cells are

A

stem cells

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17
Q

sex cells include

A

ova & spermatozoa female and male cells

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18
Q

1 x 10^9 is

A

1 billion

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19
Q

Which cell type is most represented in the body, by number of cells?

A

erythrocytes/RBCs

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20
Q

Which cell type contributes the most biomass to the body?

A

contractile cells, such as cardiac and skeletal muscle

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21
Q

What do barrier cells provide?

A

separation of different environments through formation of impermeable adhesions

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22
Q

the apical membrane faces…?

A

the outside environment

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23
Q

the basolateral membrane faces the…?

A

inside environment

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24
Q

the basal region of the basolateral membrane rests on the…?

A

basement membrane

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25
Q

what are the types of adhesive junctions?

A

tight junctions
adheren junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions
focal adhesions
hemidesmosomes

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26
Q

describe simple squamous cells

A
  • flat, thin, and scale-like epithelial cells that form a single layer

-for rapid diffusion and filtration
commonly

-found in lining surfaces such as blood vessels (endothelium), air sacs of the lungs (alveoli), and body cavities (mesothelium)

-uterine horn

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27
Q

describe simple cuboidal cells

A
  • single-layered, cube-shaped epithelial cells with centrally located, round nuclei
    -secretion and absorption
  • found in kidney tubules, glandular ducts, and the thyroid gland
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28
Q

describe simple columnar cells

A

-tall, rectangular epithelial cells that form a single layer with elongated nuclei typically located near the base of the cell.

-for absorption and secretion

-found lining the digestive tract (such as the stomach and intestines), the uterus, kidney and certain ducts
- often have microvilli on their apical surface to increase surface area for absorption
- may also contain goblet cells that secrete mucus to trap pathogens

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29
Q

describe pseudostratified columnar cells

A
  • appear to be multi-layered (stratified) but are actually a single layer (simple) with all cells in contact with the basement membrane
  • The nuclei of these cells are at varying levels, giving the illusion of stratification
  • secretion and movement of mucus
  • found in the respiratory tract (e.g., trachea, bronchi) where it traps and moves particles out of the airways via cilia and mucus produced by goblet cells
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30
Q

describe stratified squamous cells

A
  • multi-layered epithelial cells with flat, scale-like cells on the surface
  • provide protection against abrasion and dehydration

-found in areas subject to wear and tear, such as the skin (keratinized) and the lining of the mouth, esophagus, and vagina (non-keratinized).

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31
Q

describe stratified cuboidal cells

A
  • multi-layered, cube-shaped epithelial cells that provide protection and support
  • involved in secretion and absorption

-found lining the ducts of sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands.

32
Q

describe stratified columnar cells

A

-multi-layered epithelial cells with tall, column-shaped cells on the surface

-providing protection and secretion

-relatively rare

-found in male urethra, large ducts of some glands, and the conjunctiva of the eye.

33
Q

describe transitional cells

A
  • can change shape

-allow urinary bladder and related structures to stretch and expand

-provide a protective, flexible lining that accommodates fluctuations in volume

34
Q

motile cilia vs. sensory cilia

A

Motile cilia move fluid or mucus across cell surfaces
- have a “9+2” microtubule
structure,
- found in the respiratory tract
and fallopian tubes.
- many per cell

Sensory cilia detect environmental signals
- have a “9+0” microtubule
structure
- found in sensory organs like
the olfactory epithelium and
retina
- one per cell

35
Q

describe neurons

A
  • characterized by a single long axonal process that transmits information and multiple dendritic processes that receive info
  • dendrites connected to cell body and axon connected to cell body through shaft

-axons send info while dendrites receive info

-transmit info between brain cells and from brain to other organs
ex: neuromuscular junctions

36
Q

motor neurons

A

-transmit signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles

  • initiate muscle contraction
  • release neurotransmitters at neuromuscular junctions –> muscle fibers to depolarize and contract.
36
Q

what do neuromuscular junctions do?

A

transmit nerve impulses to muscle fibers, triggering muscle contraction by releasing neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to bind to receptors on the muscle cell membrane, –> depolarization & interaction with organelles like the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which releases calcium ions to facilitate contraction.

37
Q

what type of blood cells are used to carry O2 and what are their precursors?

A

erythrocytes

  • myeloid stem cell –> proerythroblast –> reticulocyte –> erythrocyte
37
Q

what do connective tissue cells consist of and what do they do?

A
  • consist of fibroblastic/mesenchymal cells
  • secrete ECM proteins
37
Q

describe fibroblasts

A
  • fried egg/spindled-shaped morphology
  • highly migratory cells
  • characterized by extensive rER
37
Q

what are energy storing cells and how do they appear in a stained sample?

A

adipocyte tissues (fat cell tissues)
- appear like small white marshmallows I’d put in my hot chocolate :)

37
Q

what type of blood cells are used for inflammation and what are their precursors?

A

basophils, neutrophils, & eosinophils

  • myeloid stem cell –> myeloblast –> basophil/neutrophil/eosinophil
38
Q

what type of blood cells are used for clotting and what are their precursors?

A

platelets

  • myeloid stem cell –> megakaryoblast –> megakaryocyte –> platelet
38
Q

what are the precursors of all blood cells?

A

hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into erythroid progenitor cells

39
Q

what type of blood cells are used for scavenging and what are their precursors?

A

monocytes

  • myeloid stem cell –> monoblast –> monocyte
40
Q

what type of blood cells are used for immunity and what are their precursors?

A

natural killer cells and T & B lymphocytes

  • lymphoid stem cell –> lymphoblast –> natural killer cell (large granular lymphocyte)

-lymphoid stem cell –> lymphoblast –> small lymphocyte –> T or B lymphocyte

41
Q

what are stem cells?

A

regenerative cells responsible for renewing all the cells of the body

42
Q

define tissues

A

groups of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function

43
Q

define organs

A

structures made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions

44
Q

put these in order:
organ, tissue, cell, body system

A

cell –> tissue –> organ –> body system

45
Q

describe gametes

A

ovum and sperm (haploids)

46
Q

describe zygote

A

fertilized egg (diploid)

47
Q

describe fertilization

A

when haploid gametes join to form a diploid cell

48
Q

describe cleavage

A

a series of rapid cell divisions to form a multicellular mass

49
Q

describe gastrulation

A

coordinated cell movements forming the 3 germ layers (trilaminar disc) and initiate organogenesis

50
Q

describe organogenesis

A

process during embryonic development where the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) differentiate and develop into the body’s organs and tissues

-embryonic & fetal period of gestation

51
Q

describe early embryogenesis

A

day 1: zygote
day 2: 2-cell
day 3: 4-cell or late 8-cell (totipotent)
day 4: 16-cell ball aka morula
day 5: early blastocyst (inner cell mass)
day 6: late blastocyst w/ (ab-) embryonic pole

The blastocyst ruptures the zona pellucida. This process, known as “hatching,” occurs just before implantation into the uterine wall, allowing the blastocyst to attach and embed itself in the endometrium (implantation).

52
Q

what provides the specialization of adult cells in the organism?

A

morphological and functional differentiation of unipotent, committed cells

53
Q

asymmetric division and cell growth result in

A

morphological differentiation of cells and formation of distinct organs of the body

54
Q

what factors induce transcriptional programs for the cellular machinery required for the differentiation of cells

A

extrinsic and intrinsic

55
Q

what are the precursors of thrombocytes?

A

megakaryotypes

56
Q

what are the precursors of macrophages and dendritic cells ?

A

monocytes

57
Q

what are the precursors of plasma cells

A

B lymphocytes

58
Q

what is homeostasis

A

a balance between proliferation (cell growth and replacement) and cell death (apoptosis/necrosis)

59
Q

how are finger/toe digits formed from webbing

A

via cell elimination and apoptosis

60
Q

if there is damage to cellular DNA and it cannot be repaired what occurs and how?

A

apoptosis occurs through p53 gene releasing normal p53, inducing the BAX promoter element box to produce BAX and put apoptosis into effect

61
Q

if abnormal cells express a mutant abnormal p53…

A

the BAX promoter element box does not produce BAX and the cell continues to survive and divide

62
Q

in terms of cell life and death, what are proliferation, replacement, and death?

A

proliferation of cells - organ growth

replacement of cells - organ maintenance, organ repair

death of cells - organ remodeling, organ repair

63
Q

define totipotent

A

cells in the zygote that have the potential to develop into a complete organism, including supportive tissues (placenta, amnion, chorion).

present until blastocyst formation begins

the 4-CELL EMBRYO is totipotent

63
Q

define pluripotent

A

cells that have the potential to become any of the germ layers, but not the supportive tissues.

present until gastrulation begins

the INNER CELL MASS is pluripotent

64
Q

define multipotent

A

germ-layer specific, lineage committed cells with the potential to give rise to all cells of the germ layer.

committed to a certain lineage

“born” during gastrulation
- present until death of the organism.

64
Q

define unipotent

A

committed cells that give rise to only one cell type (more of themselves)

  • present until death of the organism
65
Q

describe embryonic cells

A

stem cells (precursor cells) with regenerative capacity ; mitotically active, highly proliferative

66
Q

describe adult cells:

A

regenerative and non-regenerative cells

non-proliferative cells
- differentiated
- stable in G0 phase

proliferative cells
- continuously renew
- stem cells of adult tissue

67
Q

how to our cells renew?

A

by duplication

68
Q

how do our cells specialize?

A

by differentiation

M2C (11 decks)

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