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M2C > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what does the connective tissue mainly consist ?

A

ECM of protein fibers, ground substance, and cells

originate

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2
Q

where do connective tissue originate?

A

from the Mesenchyme – mesoderm

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3
Q

what does mesenchyme largely consist ?

A

viscous ground substance with few collagen fibers and mesenchymal cells

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4
Q

Mesodermal cells give rise to ______________ and are the ________ stem cells to other tissues such as blood, vascular endothelium, and muscle

A

connective tissues, stem cells

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5
Q

describe embryonic mesenchyme

A
  • undifferentiated
  • large nuclei
  • scant collagen (white looking)
  • look like floating sperms with tails
  • high synthetic activity
  • stem/progenitor cells
  • spindled shaped like fibroblasts
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6
Q

Why do embryonic mesenchyme have large nucleus?

A

because they are always actively dividing

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7
Q

fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells, adult stem cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, basophils, neutrophils are all cells derived from?

A

bone marrow

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8
Q

fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells, adult stem cells are all what kind of connective tissue cells?

A

resident cells

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9
Q

plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, basophils, neutrophils are what kind of connective tissue cells ?

A

transient cells

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10
Q

What do transient cells do and give an example

A

go in and out
ex: from blood –> peripheral tissue

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11
Q

what cells secret immunoglobins ?

A

plasma cells

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12
Q

what proteins do fibroblasts secrete ?

A
  • the different types of
    collagen
  • elastin / elastic fibers
  • proteoglycans
  • glycosaminoglycans
  • Multi adhesive glycoproteins of the ECM
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13
Q

fibroblasts form ________ cells.

A

fiber

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14
Q

What is a characteristic of fibroblasts?

A
  • thin, attenuated cytoplasm
  • sharp ends
  • resident cells
  • large nucleus
  • ovoid
  • euchromatic (less dense, transcriptionally active)
  • prominent nucleolus
    -ER, Golgi Apparatus
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15
Q

fibroblast vs. fibrocyte

A

fibroblast: active cell (euchromatic)
fibrocyte: quiescent (quiet, no function cell (heterochromatic)

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16
Q

what are fibroblasts involved in wound healing called?

A

myofibroblasts

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17
Q

where are adipocytes derived from?

A

mesenchyme/ mesoderm

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18
Q

what are the two types of adipocytes, what colors are they, and what are their functions?

A

unilocular (white) & multilocular (brown)

  • storage of neutral fats for insulation and heat generation
  • key regulators of energy metabolism
  • sensitive to hormones and nervous stimuli
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19
Q

What are the chief phagocytic cells of the human body and are found in loose connective tissue or the interstitium?

A

macrophages

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20
Q

where do macrophages derive from?

A

RBCs ka monocytes that enter the bloodstream from the bone marrow

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21
Q

In connective tissue, monocytes differentiate into macrophages also known as…

A

histiocytes

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22
Q

True or False: Macrophages are difficult to identify in routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections.

A

True

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23
Q

Macrophages contain numerous ___________ and are actively
phagocytic for material in connective tissue or interstitium.

A

residual bodies of lysosomes (numerous folds, fingerlike projections)

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24
Q

What feature assists in identifying macrophages ?

A

indented/kidney shaped nucleus

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25
Q

What substances do macrophages ingest in the alveolar interstitium (lung)?

A

carbon deposits (look like holes/huge pores/pen stabs)

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26
Q

What are alveolar macrophages clinically referred to ?

A

dust cells

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27
Q

While the main function of macrophages is to engulf/ digest (phagocytic), they also act as ___________ in immune reactions

A

antigen presenting cells - ingesting antigens and secreting cytokines that influence immune response, anaphylaxis (swelling of throat, tongue), and inflammation

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28
Q

what are the names of the multinucleated foreign body giant cells fuse to make?

A

Langhans cells

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29
Q

True or False: Mast cells are bone marrow-derived

A

True

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30
Q

Are the dense mast cell granules that exhibit metachromasia (certain tissues or cells stain a different color than the dye used) acidophilic or basophilic?

A

mast cell granules are basophilic

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31
Q

what do mast cells release that cause increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction?

A

histamine

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32
Q

what do mast cells release that activate various mediators of inflammation?

A

serine protease

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33
Q

what do mast cells release that attract leukocytes?

A

eosinophil and neutrophilic chemotactic factors

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34
Q

what do mast cells release that direct activities of leukocytes?

A

cytokines

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35
Q

what do mast cells release that are precursors converted to prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and other mediators of inflammation?

A

phospholipids

36
Q

where are mast cells found?

A
  • near small blood vessels in skin and mesenteries
  • digestive and respiratory tract
37
Q

after activation, what do mast cells granules extrude?

A

mediators and generate lipid-derived substances that induce immediate allergic inflammation

38
Q

what do mast cells look like physically?

A
  • nucleus very hard to see
  • big round purple flowers or black
  • vascular permeability
39
Q

how can plasma cells be identified?

A

position of their nuclei and pattern of heterochromatin

40
Q

Why is the plasma cell cytoplasm basophilic?

A

due to rough ER content

41
Q

Why does the plasma cell membrane have a great amount of rough ER ?

A

Because the cell is actively synthesizing and secreting
protein

42
Q

How many nucleoluses are in the plasma cell ?

A

1 nucleolus

43
Q

plasma cells are derived from …. and why?

A

B-lymphocytes to produce immunoglobins for immune system

44
Q

Because plasma cells don’t undergo mitosis, they are terminally…

A

differentiated cells

45
Q

where are plasma cells normally found and what is their life span?

A

approximately 2 weeks

46
Q

Leukocytes are known as the _______ cells in the connective tissue.

A

wandering

47
Q

How do Leukocytes leave blood?

A

by migrating between endothelial cells of venules to enter connective tissue

48
Q

when are leukocytes most numerously seen?

A

during inflammation response to injury and foreign substances

49
Q

What common leukocyte cell is seen in acute cases?

A

neutrophils

50
Q

What common leukocyte cells are seen in chronic situations?

A

lymphocytes & monocytes

51
Q

What common leukocyte cell is seen in parasitic cases?

A

eosinophils

52
Q

What is the most abundant protein secreted largely by fibroblasts and the key fiber on all connective tissues, epithelial basement membrane and external laminae of muscle and nerve cells?

A

Collagen

53
Q

How many collagens are there and what are there 3 subgroups?

A

28

  • 4 fibrillar: Types, I, II, III, V
  • 2 network-forming collagens: Types IV, X
  • 1 linking/anchoring collagen: Type
    VII
54
Q

describe Type I Collagen

A
  • most abundant form of eosinophilic bundles called collagen fibers
  • connective tissue (dermis in skin, tendon, ligament, bone, & organ capsules)
  • fibrillar
55
Q

describe Type II Collagen

A
  • found in cartilage and vitreous body
  • fibrillar
56
Q

describe Type III Collagen

A
  • argyrophilic reticular fibers
  • found in skin, muscle, blood vessels
  • fibrillar
57
Q

describe Type V Collagen

A
  • fetal tissue, skin, bone, placenta, & interstitial tissue
  • fibrillar
58
Q

describe Type IV Collagen

A
  • basal & external lamina
  • supports epithelial cells
  • serves as filtration
    -network-forming
59
Q

Describe Type X Collagen

A
  • hypertrophic zone in endochondral bone formation, increasing bone density
    -network-forming
60
Q

Describe Type VII Collagen

A
  • epithelial basement membrane
    -anchors the basal lamina to underlying reticular lamina
61
Q

What is collagen secreted by?

A

fibroblasts

62
Q

How does collagen appear in histology?

A

overlapping paint brush look
- dark and light bands

63
Q

What does Masson Trichrome stain and what color does it appear?

A

Masson Trichrome stains collagen
- collagen bundles appear blue

64
Q

What Type Collagen do reticular fibers consist of ?

A

Type III Collagen

65
Q

What do reticular fibers form?

A

an extensive network called reticulum

66
Q

What color are reticular fibers stained when impregnated with silver salts?

A

black

67
Q

why are reticular fibers termed argyrophilic ?

A

because they have a high affinity for silver salts and can be stained by them

68
Q

Why do reticular fibers stain also stain with PAS?

A

due to high sugar chains bound to Type III Collagen

69
Q

what are reticular cells

A

fibroblasts that produce reticular fibers

70
Q

where are reticular cells found?

A
  • reticular lamina of basement membrane
  • surrounding adipocytes, smooth muscle, nerves, & blood vessels
  • supporting stroma for liver & endocrine glands
  • adrenal cortex
  • stroma of hemopoietic tissue (spleen, lymph nodes)
71
Q

what do reticular fibers sort of look like?

A

frog eggs, silver stain, black fibers

72
Q

what are elastic fibers?

A

thin fibers that form sparse networks interspersed among collagen bundles

73
Q

Why are elastic fibers seen in organs that are subjected to stretch and bending?

A

due to their rubberlike properties

74
Q

what are elastic fibers called in very large arteries?

A

elastic lamellae

75
Q

what does fibrillin form?

A

network of microfibrils
- embedded in larger mass of cross-linked elastin
- many lysine rich regions

76
Q

when fibrillin micro fibrils decompose, ________ converts the lysine amino groups to from a desmosine ring to maintain the rubberlike properties.

A

lysyl oxidase

77
Q

fibrillin makes ________ that are secreted by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

A

microfibrils

78
Q

_______ is deposited on microfibrils and forms an _______________ structure

A

elastin, amorphous

79
Q

in a hematoxylin & orcein stain, how can one identify elastic fiber?

A

dark stained, thin amongst pink acidophilic collagen fibers
- look wavy in H&E stains between multiple nuclei of smooth muscle cells

80
Q

describe ground substance

A

viscous clear substance with slippery feel and high water content

81
Q

what are the 3 major divisions of connective tissue?

A

1.Connective tissue proper
2. Embryonic connective tissue
3. Specialized connective tissue.

82
Q

What are the 2 types of Connective tissue proper?

A

Loose and Dense (irregular & regular)

83
Q

describe loose connective tissue

A

aka areolar tissue
- found below lining epithelial and fills spaces between tissues

84
Q

describe connective tissue

A

contains fibroblasts & increased bundles of Type 1 Collagen

85
Q

how can you distinguish dense irregular and dense regular connective tissue?

A

irregular: collagen fibers interwoven, dermis, capsules

regular: collagen arranged parallel, tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments

86
Q

blood and lymphatic vessels found in Connective Tissue

A

M2C (11 decks)

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