The Cells Flashcards
Most cells are somatic cells are called
Body Cells
Somatic cells have two copies of the genome and are said to be ____________
Diploid
The ________, which are sperm and egg cells, have one copy of the genome and are ____________.
Germ Cells
Haploid
Stem cells are diploid cells that divide to give rise to differentiated cells, and to other stem cells in a process called
Self renewal
4 types of tissues
connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
it does not have a nucleus, the structure that contains DNA in the cells of the other types of organisms.
Prokaryotic Cells
__________ is also distinguished from a prokaryotic cell structures called __________, which perform specific functions.
Eukaryotic Cells
organelles
The cells of all three domains contain globular assemblies of RNA and protein called ____________ that are essential for protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
The large purplish structure is a __________, part of the human immune system.
macrophage
The major macromolecules that make up cells and that cells use as fuel are _____________ (sugars and starches), __________ (Fats and oil), _______ and _______ (DNA and RNA).
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acid
it provides energy and contribute to cell structure.
Caborhydrates
it forms the basis of some hormones, form membranes, provide insulation and store energy.
Lipids
it have many diverse function in the body. they enable blood to clot, form the contractile fibers of muscle cells, and form the bulk of the body’s connective tissues.
protein
important proteins because they facilitate, or catalyze, biochemical reactions so that they occur fast enough to sustain life.
Enzymes
which translate information from past generations into specific collections of proteins that give a cell its characteristics.
Nucleic Acid (DNA & RNA)
A type eukaryotic cell holds a thousand times the volume of a bacterial cell.
Organelles
The most prominent organelle of most cells is the _______
Nucleus
A layer called the _________ surrounds the nucleus.
Nuclear Envelope
on the inner face of the nuclear memberane is a layer of a fibrous material
Nuclear Lamina
Inside the nucleus is an area that appears darkened under a microscope called the _________
Nucleolus
the remainder of the cell–that is, everything but the nucleus, organelles and the outer boundary,
2 answers
Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)
Cytoplasm (Cytosol)
The release of a substance from a cell
Secretion
In response, information in certain genes is copied into molecules of ____________ which then exit the nucleus.
Messenger RiboNucleic Acid
In the cytoplasmn the mRNAs with the help of ribosomes and another type of RNA called ___________, direct the manufacture of milk proteins
transer mRNA
The genetic headquarters and two membranes layers that make up the nuclear envelope. Nucleus through the envelope.
Nucleus
The largest structure in a typical human cell, the nucleus lies within
nucleolus
it allows specific molecules to move in and out of the nucleus through the envelope
Nuclear
Most protein synthesis occurs on a maze of interconnected membranous tubules and sacs called the ______________
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The proteins exit the ER in membrane-bounded, saclike organelles, which pinch off from the tubular endings of the membrane.
Vesicles
A loaded vesicles takes it contents to the next stop in the secretory production line, a ____________ which looks like a stack of pancakes.
Golgi Apparatus
a processing center with a column of four to six interconnected flat, membrane-enclosed sacs that resemble a stack of pancakes. This is where sugars are made.
Golgi Apparatus
a type of transport of molecules between cells uses vesicles called _________ that bud from one cell and then travel to merge with, and empty their contents into other cells.
Exomes
- A saclike organelle containing enzymes that degrade debris.
- Membrane-bounded sacs that contain enzymes that dismantle bacterial remnants, worn out organelles, and other materials such as excess cholesterol.
Lysosomes (Trash Center)
- A process in which a cell dismantles its own debris.
- The cell’s disposing of its own trash is
Autophagy
- A vesicle that buds inward from the plasma membrane
Endosome
- An organelle with a single outer membrane that is studded with proteins and that houses enzymes that catalyze diverse reaction.
- Sacs with single outer membranes that are studded with several types of protein and that house enzymes that perform a variety of function.
Perixomes
- An organellle consisting consisting of a double membrane that houses enzymes that catalyze reactions that extract energy from nutrients.
- Extracts energy
Mitochondrion
it provides energy by breaking the chemical gbonds that hold together thee nutrient in food.
Mitochondria
which are infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion increases the available surface area containing enzymes for energy reactions.
Cristae
- Membrane network; rough ER has ribosomes, smoot ER does not
- Site of protein synthesis and folding; lipid synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Stacks of membrane - enclosed sacs
- Site where sugars are made and linked into starches or joined to lipids or proteins; proteins finish folding; secretion stored
Golgi Apparatus
- Sac containing digestive enzymes
- Degrades debris; recycle cell contents
Lysosome
- Two membranes; inner membrane enzyme -studded
- Releases energy from nutrients
Mitochondrion
- Porous, double membraned saac containing DNA
- Separates DNA within cell
Nucleus
- Sac containing enzymes
- Breaks down and detoxifies various molecules
Perixosomes
- Two associated globular subunits of RNA and protein
- Scaffold and catalyst for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
- Membrane-bounded sac
- Temporarily stores or transport substances
Vesicle
a series of molecules that are part of the plasma membrane form pathways that detects signals from outside the cell and transmit them inward, where yet other molecules orchestrate the cell’s response.
Signal Transduction
The plasma membrane helps attach to certain other cells.
Cellular Adhesion
- A meshwork of proteins rods and tubules that serves as the cell’s architecture, positioning organelles and providing overall three-dimensional shapes.
- made of protein rods and tubules.
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton 3 major types of elements
Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments
- composed of pairs (dimers) of a protein, called ______, assembled into a hollow tube.
- a hollow structure built of tubulin protein that forms part of the cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Tubulin
- Built of Microtubules
- hairlike structures
Cilia ( “cells eyelashes”)
Growth, development, maintaining health, and healing from disease or injury require an intricate interplay between the rates of ____________ and ___________
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
which divide the DNA and the rest of the cell, respectively, and apoptis.
Cytokinesis
A form of cell death
Apoptosis
A series of events called the _________ describes the sequence of activities as cell prepares fod and undergoes division.
Cell Cycle
2 major stages of cell cycle
Interphase
Mitosis
Divison of somatic (non-sex) cells
Mitosis
- it produces sperm or eggs, which have half the amount of genetic material that somatic cells do.
- A form of cell that halves the number of chromosomes, forming haploid gametes.
Meiosis
most proteins are also synthesized during this phase. Including those that form the _________, which will pull the chromosome apart
mitotic spindle
A structures that organizes microtubules into the mitotic spindle
Centriole
The largest constriction in a chromosome, at a specific site in each chromosome type.
Centrosome
The long strands of chromosomal material in replicated chromosomes are called ________________
Chromatid
The first stage of mitosis, DNA coils tightly.
prophase
Chromosomes attach to spindle at their centromeres and align along of the cell, which is called _____________
Metaphase
Equator
The plasma membrane indents at the center, where the metaphase chromosomes line up.
Anaphase
The cell looks like a dumbbell with a set of chromosomes at each end.
Telophase
made of in a gland and transported in the bloodstream to another part of the body. Where it experts a specific effecr.
Hormones
Somatic (body) cells are diploid, and _______ (sperm cell and egg cells) are ___________. Stem cells produces new cells.
Germ Cells
Haploid
it does not have a nucleus or other organelles.
Prokaryotic Cells
has organelles, including a nucleus
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells consists of primarily of water and 4 types of macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Organelles sequester related biochemical reactions, improving the efficiency of life functions and proteticting cells. The cell consists of ________ and chemicals.
Cytoplasm
The nucleus contains DNA and a ____________, a site of ribosomes synthesis.
Nucleolus
it provides scaffolds for protein synthesis; they exit free in the cytoplasm or complexed with the exist free in the cytoplasm or complexed with the _____________.
Ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
it carries the information held in a gene’s DNA sequence and transer RNA (tRNA) connects the mRNA to protein building blocks (amino acids).
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA)
The site of lipids synthesis, transport and packaging: the ____________ packages secretions into ______________, which exit through the ___________.
Golgi Apparatus
Plasma Membrane
___________ ferry molecules between cells.
Exosomes
it contains enzymes that dismantle debris through autophagy.
Lysosomes
are vesicles derived from the plasma membrane that ferry material to lysosomes.
Endosomes
house of enzxymes that catalyzes a variety of chemical reactions.
Perixosomes
Enzymes in ______ extract energy from nutrients.
Mitochondria
