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CYTOGENTICS > The Cells > Flashcards

The Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Most cells are somatic cells are called

A

Body Cells

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2
Q

Somatic cells have two copies of the genome and are said to be ____________

A

Diploid

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3
Q

The ________, which are sperm and egg cells, have one copy of the genome and are ____________.

A

Germ Cells
Haploid

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4
Q

Stem cells are diploid cells that divide to give rise to differentiated cells, and to other stem cells in a process called

A

Self renewal

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5
Q

4 types of tissues

A

connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

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6
Q

it does not have a nucleus, the structure that contains DNA in the cells of the other types of organisms.

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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7
Q

__________ is also distinguished from a prokaryotic cell structures called __________, which perform specific functions.

A

Eukaryotic Cells
organelles

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8
Q

The cells of all three domains contain globular assemblies of RNA and protein called ____________ that are essential for protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

The large purplish structure is a __________, part of the human immune system.

A

macrophage

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10
Q

The major macromolecules that make up cells and that cells use as fuel are _____________ (sugars and starches), __________ (Fats and oil), _______ and _______ (DNA and RNA).

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acid

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11
Q

it provides energy and contribute to cell structure.

A

Caborhydrates

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12
Q

it forms the basis of some hormones, form membranes, provide insulation and store energy.

A

Lipids

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13
Q

it have many diverse function in the body. they enable blood to clot, form the contractile fibers of muscle cells, and form the bulk of the body’s connective tissues.

A

protein

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14
Q

important proteins because they facilitate, or catalyze, biochemical reactions so that they occur fast enough to sustain life.

A

Enzymes

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15
Q

which translate information from past generations into specific collections of proteins that give a cell its characteristics.

A

Nucleic Acid (DNA & RNA)

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16
Q

A type eukaryotic cell holds a thousand times the volume of a bacterial cell.

A

Organelles

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17
Q

The most prominent organelle of most cells is the _______

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

A layer called the _________ surrounds the nucleus.

A

Nuclear Envelope

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19
Q

on the inner face of the nuclear memberane is a layer of a fibrous material

A

Nuclear Lamina

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20
Q

Inside the nucleus is an area that appears darkened under a microscope called the _________

A

Nucleolus

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21
Q

the remainder of the cell–that is, everything but the nucleus, organelles and the outer boundary,
2 answers

A

Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)
Cytoplasm (Cytosol)

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22
Q

The release of a substance from a cell

A

Secretion

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23
Q

In response, information in certain genes is copied into molecules of ____________ which then exit the nucleus.

A

Messenger RiboNucleic Acid

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24
Q

In the cytoplasmn the mRNAs with the help of ribosomes and another type of RNA called ___________, direct the manufacture of milk proteins

A

transer mRNA

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25
Q

The genetic headquarters and two membranes layers that make up the nuclear envelope. Nucleus through the envelope.

A

Nucleus

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26
Q

The largest structure in a typical human cell, the nucleus lies within

A

nucleolus

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27
Q

it allows specific molecules to move in and out of the nucleus through the envelope

A

Nuclear

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28
Q

Most protein synthesis occurs on a maze of interconnected membranous tubules and sacs called the ______________

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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29
Q

The proteins exit the ER in membrane-bounded, saclike organelles, which pinch off from the tubular endings of the membrane.

A

Vesicles

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30
Q

A loaded vesicles takes it contents to the next stop in the secretory production line, a ____________ which looks like a stack of pancakes.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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31
Q

a processing center with a column of four to six interconnected flat, membrane-enclosed sacs that resemble a stack of pancakes. This is where sugars are made.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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32
Q

a type of transport of molecules between cells uses vesicles called _________ that bud from one cell and then travel to merge with, and empty their contents into other cells.

A

Exomes

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33
Q
  • A saclike organelle containing enzymes that degrade debris.
  • Membrane-bounded sacs that contain enzymes that dismantle bacterial remnants, worn out organelles, and other materials such as excess cholesterol.
A

Lysosomes (Trash Center)

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34
Q
  • A process in which a cell dismantles its own debris.
  • The cell’s disposing of its own trash is
A

Autophagy

35
Q
  • A vesicle that buds inward from the plasma membrane
A

Endosome

36
Q
  • An organelle with a single outer membrane that is studded with proteins and that houses enzymes that catalyze diverse reaction.
  • Sacs with single outer membranes that are studded with several types of protein and that house enzymes that perform a variety of function.
A

Perixomes

37
Q
  • An organellle consisting consisting of a double membrane that houses enzymes that catalyze reactions that extract energy from nutrients.
  • Extracts energy
A

Mitochondrion

38
Q

it provides energy by breaking the chemical gbonds that hold together thee nutrient in food.

A

Mitochondria

39
Q

which are infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion increases the available surface area containing enzymes for energy reactions.

A

Cristae

40
Q
  • Membrane network; rough ER has ribosomes, smoot ER does not
  • Site of protein synthesis and folding; lipid synthesis
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

41
Q
  • Stacks of membrane - enclosed sacs
  • Site where sugars are made and linked into starches or joined to lipids or proteins; proteins finish folding; secretion stored
A

Golgi Apparatus

42
Q
  • Sac containing digestive enzymes
  • Degrades debris; recycle cell contents
A

Lysosome

43
Q
  • Two membranes; inner membrane enzyme -studded
  • Releases energy from nutrients
A

Mitochondrion

44
Q
  • Porous, double membraned saac containing DNA
  • Separates DNA within cell
A

Nucleus

45
Q
  • Sac containing enzymes
  • Breaks down and detoxifies various molecules
A

Perixosomes

46
Q
  • Two associated globular subunits of RNA and protein
  • Scaffold and catalyst for protein synthesis
A

Ribosomes

47
Q
  • Membrane-bounded sac
  • Temporarily stores or transport substances
A

Vesicle

48
Q

a series of molecules that are part of the plasma membrane form pathways that detects signals from outside the cell and transmit them inward, where yet other molecules orchestrate the cell’s response.

A

Signal Transduction

49
Q

The plasma membrane helps attach to certain other cells.

A

Cellular Adhesion

50
Q
  • A meshwork of proteins rods and tubules that serves as the cell’s architecture, positioning organelles and providing overall three-dimensional shapes.
  • made of protein rods and tubules.
A

Cytoskeleton

51
Q

Cytoskeleton 3 major types of elements

A

Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments

52
Q
  • composed of pairs (dimers) of a protein, called ______, assembled into a hollow tube.
  • a hollow structure built of tubulin protein that forms part of the cytoskeleton
A

Microtubules
Tubulin

53
Q
  • Built of Microtubules
  • hairlike structures
A

Cilia ( “cells eyelashes”)

54
Q

Growth, development, maintaining health, and healing from disease or injury require an intricate interplay between the rates of ____________ and ___________

A

Mitosis
Cytokinesis

55
Q

which divide the DNA and the rest of the cell, respectively, and apoptis.

A

Cytokinesis

56
Q

A form of cell death

A

Apoptosis

57
Q

A series of events called the _________ describes the sequence of activities as cell prepares fod and undergoes division.

A

Cell Cycle

58
Q

2 major stages of cell cycle

A

Interphase
Mitosis

59
Q

Divison of somatic (non-sex) cells

A

Mitosis

60
Q
  • it produces sperm or eggs, which have half the amount of genetic material that somatic cells do.
  • A form of cell that halves the number of chromosomes, forming haploid gametes.
A

Meiosis

61
Q

most proteins are also synthesized during this phase. Including those that form the _________, which will pull the chromosome apart

A

mitotic spindle

62
Q

A structures that organizes microtubules into the mitotic spindle

A

Centriole

63
Q

The largest constriction in a chromosome, at a specific site in each chromosome type.

A

Centrosome

64
Q

The long strands of chromosomal material in replicated chromosomes are called ________________

A

Chromatid

65
Q

The first stage of mitosis, DNA coils tightly.

A

prophase

66
Q

Chromosomes attach to spindle at their centromeres and align along of the cell, which is called _____________

A

Metaphase
Equator

67
Q

The plasma membrane indents at the center, where the metaphase chromosomes line up.

A

Anaphase

68
Q

The cell looks like a dumbbell with a set of chromosomes at each end.

A

Telophase

69
Q

made of in a gland and transported in the bloodstream to another part of the body. Where it experts a specific effecr.

A

Hormones

70
Q

Somatic (body) cells are diploid, and _______ (sperm cell and egg cells) are ___________. Stem cells produces new cells.

A

Germ Cells
Haploid

71
Q

it does not have a nucleus or other organelles.

A

Prokaryotic Cells

72
Q

has organelles, including a nucleus

A

Eukaryotic Cells

73
Q

Cells consists of primarily of water and 4 types of macromolecules:

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

74
Q

Organelles sequester related biochemical reactions, improving the efficiency of life functions and proteticting cells. The cell consists of ________ and chemicals.

A

Cytoplasm

75
Q

The nucleus contains DNA and a ____________, a site of ribosomes synthesis.

A

Nucleolus

76
Q

it provides scaffolds for protein synthesis; they exit free in the cytoplasm or complexed with the exist free in the cytoplasm or complexed with the _____________.

A

Ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

77
Q

it carries the information held in a gene’s DNA sequence and transer RNA (tRNA) connects the mRNA to protein building blocks (amino acids).

A

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA)

78
Q

The site of lipids synthesis, transport and packaging: the ____________ packages secretions into ______________, which exit through the ___________.

A

Golgi Apparatus
Plasma Membrane

79
Q

___________ ferry molecules between cells.

A

Exosomes

80
Q

it contains enzymes that dismantle debris through autophagy.

A

Lysosomes

81
Q

are vesicles derived from the plasma membrane that ferry material to lysosomes.

A

Endosomes

82
Q

house of enzxymes that catalyzes a variety of chemical reactions.

A

Perixosomes

83
Q

Enzymes in ______ extract energy from nutrients.

A

Mitochondria

84
Q
A

CYTOGENTICS (3 decks)

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