The cells

Question 1

what are the structures present in all cell types

Answer 1

Cytoplasm, Ribosome, Cell membranes

Question 2

describe rolls of cell membrane

Answer 2

comprises a double layer of phospholipid bilayer,
this forms a selective barrier
proteins embedded act as receptors to detect chemical messengers and signalling molecules

Question 3

describe roles of Cytoskeleton

Answer 3

supports and maintains cell shape,
help cells move around (intracellular transport)
assembly of cells into tissue

Question 4

what are the 3 main components of the cytoskeleton

Answer 4

• micro filaments
• intermediate filaments
• Micro tubules

Question 5

what is the difference between SER & RER, role of Golgi apperatus

Answer 5

RER has ribosomes attached which synthesises proteins whereas the SER is involved in lipid and steroid production.

Golgi apparatus packs up proteins and prepares them for transport around the cell

Question 6

describe features of Mitochondrion

Answer 6

produces ATP
bound to the cell by a phospholipid bilayer
inner membrane has Cristal folds which increases surface area
contains matrix required for metabolising food

Question 7

describe features of Lysosomes and peroxisomes

Answer 7

both are membrane bound containing enzymes which are packaged by Golgi and stored until later use
lysosomal enzymes are degradative ( digestive of biological material.

peroxisomal enzymes generate peroxide, and degrade long chain fatty acids and then break the peroxide

Question 8

what is Cilia and Flagella

Answer 8

they are fundamental units of motion both have 9 pairs of microtubules surrounding central pair

• Cilia, small hair like structure, short with stiff power stroke and flexible recovery stroke, found in epithelial cells such as lung cilia
• longer

Question 9

what are stem cells and describe cell differentiation

Answer 9

stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide to give daughter cells which can then go onto differentiate and specialise into other cells due to differences in gene expression and the local cellular environment

Question 10

what is the differences between apoptosis and necrosis

Answer 10

Apoptosis is controlled cell death, this process Is active and is induced to die which leads to no damage to neighbouring cells and produces no inflammation

Necrosis is cell death in response to when a cell is injured or diseased, this is a passive process where neighbouring cells are also damaged and leads to inflammation.

Question 11

how does apoptosis link with cancer cells

Answer 11

when a cell is damaged the cell can either be fixed or apoptosis can occur (programmed cell death)

if the cell damage is not fixed then it can divide rapidly without any control forming a tutor.
cancer cells fail to coordinate with normal cells and displace and replace normal cells if not stopped