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Biology > The cell cycle > Flashcards

The cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A

The cell cycle consists of interphase (G1

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2
Q

What happens during G1 phase?

A

Cells make RNA

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3
Q

What happens during the S phase of interphase?

A

DNA synthesis occurs.

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4
Q

What happens during G2 phase?

A

The cell continues to grow

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5
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is nuclear division

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6
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytokinesis is the splitting of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells.

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7
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes with the same genes but different alleles.

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8
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

A chromatid is one part of a duplicated chromosome.

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9
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a sequence of bases that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

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10
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes become visible

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11
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up across the equator and attach to spindle fibers by their centromeres.

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12
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Chromosomes split at the centromere

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13
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

The nucleus reforms

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14
Q

How is the mitotic index calculated?

A

Mitotic index = (Number of dividing cells) ÷ (Total number of cells).

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15
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis is programmed cell death

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16
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes?

A

Tumor suppressor genes slow down cell division or trigger apoptosis. If mutated

17
Q

What are proto-oncogenes and oncogenes?

A

Proto-oncogenes stimulate normal cell division. Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that cause uncontrolled cell division.

18
Q

What is the difference between a mutagen and a carcinogen?

A

A mutagen induces genetic alterations

19
Q

How do cancer treatments target the cell cycle?

A

Some treatments disrupt the cell cycle to slow cancer growth. They target rapidly dividing cells

20
Q

What are the steps of cell fractionation?

A

1) Homogenize the sample to release organelles. 2) Filter to remove debris. 3) Centrifuge at low speed to separate heavy organelles. 4) Spin at higher speeds to isolate other organelles.

21
Q

Why are ice-cold

22
Q

What does centrifugation achieve in cell fractionation?

A

Centrifugation separates organelles based on their size and density.

Biology (13 decks)

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