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BIOC2306 > the cell cycle > Flashcards

the cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense, spindles form and nuclear envelope breaks down

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2
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes align

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3
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes separate and pulled towards the spindle poles

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4
Q

telophase

A

formation of the nuclear envelope, chromosomes decondense

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5
Q

cytokinesis

A

a contractile ring seperates the daughter cells

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6
Q

what does cell viability and integrity depend on

A

accurate duplication and segregation

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7
Q

name 4 pathways a cell can take

A

1) grow and divide which leads to proliferation and increase in cells
2) differentiation cell levels remain the same
3) death leads to apoptosis and decrease in cell levels
4) rest which leads to quiescence and cell levels remain the same

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8
Q

what is cell synchronisation

A

a method to study mammalian cells by using reversible inhibitors

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9
Q

what is colcemid

A

method to study cell by binding microtubules which inhibits M phase

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10
Q

what is thymidine

A

it inhibits DNA replication in the S phase

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11
Q

what is hydroxyurea

A

inhibits DNA replication in S phase

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12
Q

how can DNA synthesis be marked

A

by the use of bromodeoxyuridine and anti-BrdU antibodies

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13
Q

how can you study the DNA content

A

using flow cytometry

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14
Q

when measuring the cell cycle what fluorescence dye do you use that binds to the DNA

A

propidium iodide labelling

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15
Q

yeast cells grow normally at low temperatures what happens when they are in very high temperatures

A

they can’t continue normally in the cycle and are arrested and pile up

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16
Q

what comparisons were made between mouse and yeast CDC2 protein

A

62% identical
the protein was structurally and functionally conserved

17
Q

what factors are involved in the G2/M phase transition

A

CDK1 in humans- protein kinase
CDC2 in yeast
cyclin B
Cdc25c -phosphatase
Wee1-protein kinase
CAK-protein kinase

18
Q

what happens to protein levels in the G2/M phase

A

1) cdc2 or CDK1 proteins stay the same
2) cyclin B levels increase
3) the CDK1-cylin B complex activity increases

19
Q

what does Wee1 phosphorylate

A

Y15 which leads to no ATP binding and an inactive CDK1
cyclin B must also be bound

20
Q

what does CAK do

A

by phosphorylating T161 it activates CDK1 and allows substrate binding
cyclin B must also be bound

21
Q

what happens to cyclin B in the G1 and S phase

A

cyclin B is degraded there is no phosphorylation of CDK1

22
Q

how is cyclin B degraded

A

it is degraded by anaphase promoting complex. APC activated when chromosomes attach to spindle and align.
APC has ubiquitin ligase activity
also degrades securin

23
Q

what happens to CDK1 phosphorylation in G2 phase

A

wee1 inactivates the CDK1 cyclin B complex. Cdc25c gets rid off the phosphorylation.

24
Q

what changes occur in the levels during the G2/M phase

A

1) CAK activity remains same
2) wee1 activity decreases when entering M phase
3) cdc25 activity increases as entering M phase

25
Q

how is positive feedback maintained by cdc25 phosphatase

A

CDK1 phosphorylates cdc25 which increases phosphatase activity which increases the removal of the try15 phosphorylation
CDK1 activates its activator cdc25

26
Q

how is negative feedback maintained

A

CDK1 phosphorylates wee1
this leads to inactivation of wee1
decreases inactivating try15 phosphorylation of CDK1
CDK1 inhibits it’s own inhibitor wee1

27
Q

cdk4/cyclin D

A

G1-phase

28
Q

cdk2/cyclin E

A

G1/S transition

29
Q

cdk2/cyclin A

A

S phase

30
Q

what happens to protein levels in G1/S transition

A

cdk2 levels stay the same
cyclin E increases

31
Q

describe the G1-S checkpoint

A

1) RB1 inhibits E2F1 activity in G1
2) cyclin D-CDK4/6 phosphorylates RB1 and cyclin E-CDK2 prevents interaction
3) this then increases E2F1 activity in S phase

32
Q

what are the 2 major families of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors

A

1) (CDK inhibitory protein) CIP
2) INK

33
Q

how is p21 transcription activated

A

p53 activates it in the DNA damage response and this leads to arresting the cell cycle in G1

34
Q

what is G0

A

growth arrest

35
Q

what happens to early response genes in cancer

A

they are mutated or over expressed and they usually stimulate cell cycle

BIOC2306 (10 decks)

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