The Cell Cycle

Question 1

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 1

G₁ phase
S phase
G₂ phase
M phase (mitosis or meiosis)

Question 2

What happens during prophase?

Answer 2

-The nuclear envelope begins to dissolve
-chromosomes condense

Question 3

What happens during metaphase?

Answer 3

-Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
-Centrioles move towards the poles of the cell
-Spindle fibers attach to the kinet0chores

Question 4

In Meiosis, when does crossing-over occur?

Crossing-over is also referred to as recombination

Answer 4

During prophase I

Question 5

In Meiosis, when does independent assortment occur?

Answer 5

During metaphase I

Question 6

What is crossing over?

crossing-over is also called recombination

Answer 6

Crossing over is a cellular process that happens during during prophase I of meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up. When two chromosomes — one from the mother and one from the father — line up, parts of the chromosome can be switched. The two chromosomes contain the same genes, but may have different forms of the genes.

Question 7

What is independent-assortment?

Answer 7

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-10-genetics-and-evolu/101-meiosis/random-assortment.html

Question 8

What are embryonic pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 8

A cell that is able to develop into many different types of cells or tissues in the body.

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/pluripotent-stem-cell

Question 9

What is a proto-oncogene?

Answer 9

A gene that encodes for the necessary molecular machinary to undergo cell growth and division. Once mutated, to over express the proteins involved in cell growth/division, the gene is now referred to as an “oncogene.”

Question 10

What is a tumor supressor gene?

Answer 10

A tumor suppressor gene encodes a protein that acts to regulate cell division, keeping it in check. When a tumor suppressor gene is inactivated by a mutation, the protein it encodes is not produced or does not function properly, and as a result, uncontrolled cell division may occur. Such mutations may contribute to the development of a cancer.

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Tumor-Suppressor-Gene

Question 11

What is the restriction point in the cell cycle?

Answer 11

The G₁ checkpoint, that ensures that the cell is large enough and has enough resources to undergo division.