The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

3 tenets of cell theory

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells
  2. the cell is the basic functional unit of life
  3. cells arise only from preexisting cells
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2
Q

nuclear pores

A

in the nuclear membrane

allow for selective two-way exchange of material into and out of the nucleus

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3
Q

where is rRNA synthesized?

A

nucleolus

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4
Q

extranuclear inheritance

A

transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus

eg mitochondria - contain some of their own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission

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5
Q

apopotosis

A

programmed cell death

mitochondria can kill the cell by release of enzymes from the electron transport chain

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6
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell

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7
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down many different substrates, including substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products

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8
Q

rough vs. smooth ER

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes for protein synthesis
smooth ER is for lipid synthesis and transport of proteins from rough ER to Golgi apparatus

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9
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

consists of stacked membrane-bound sacs
materials from the ER are transported to Golgi in vesicles
cellular products undergo modification
contents are released via exocytosis

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10
Q

peroxisomes

A

primary function: breakdown of fatty acid chains via beta-oxidation

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11
Q

microfilamnets

A

made up of solid polymerized rods of actin
organized into bundles and networks
resistant to compression and fracture (provide protection for the cell)

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12
Q

microtubules

A

hollow polymers of tubulin proteins

radiate throughout the cell

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13
Q

cilia and flagella

A

cilia primarily for movement along surface of the cell, whereas flagella primarily for movement of cell itself like sperm
9+2 structure = nine pairs of microtubules forming an outer ring with two microtubules in the center

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14
Q

intermediate filaments

A

diverse group of filamentous proteins
include keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins
involved in cell-cell adhesion or maintenance of the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton
able to withstand a tremendous amount of tension, making the cell rigid

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15
Q

epithelial tissues

A

cover the body and line its cavities, providing a means for protection against pathogen invasion and desiccation
tightly joined to layer of connective tissue called basement membrane
simple/stratified/pseudostratified and squamous/cuboidal/columnar

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16
Q

parenchyma

A

functional parts of an organ

made up of epithelial cells

17
Q

prokaryotic envelope

A

cell wall forms outer barrier (peptidoglycan)

plasma membrane forms inner layer

18
Q

Gram positive vs. Gram negative bacteria

A

Gram stain applied to cell walls
gram positive - lipoteichoic acid in cell wall along with peptidoglycan, very thick
gram negative - additional outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids, very thin

19
Q

episomes

A

subset of plasmids capable of integrating into the genome of the bacterium

20
Q

transformation

A

integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome

most frequently comes from neighboring bacteria upon lysing

21
Q

conjugation

A

unidirectional transfer of genetic material from donor male (+) to recipient female (-)
conjugation bridge forms from sex pili on the donor male
requires sex factors such as F (fertility) factor

22
Q

Hfr

A

high frequency of recombination

bacterium with sex factor (conjugative) plasmid integrated into its genome

23
Q

transudction

A

requires a vector

viruses carry genetic material from one bacterium to another

24
Q

phases of bacterial growth

A

lag phase - bacteria adapt to new environmental conditions
exponential phase - growth increases as bacteria adapt (aka log phase)
stationary phase - reduction of resources slows reproduction
death phase - after bacteria have exceeded environment’s ability to support them

25
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that specifically target bacteria
inject genetic material into bacterial cell without actually entering it
composed of capsid (protein coat), genetic material, tail sheath, and tail fibers

26
Q

single-stranded RNA viruses

A

positive sense RNA viruses: genome may be directly translated to functional proteins by ribosomes of the host cell, just like mRNA
negative sense RNA viruses: require synthesis of an RNA stand complementary to negative sense strand, which can then be used as a template for protein synthesis

27
Q

retroviruses

A

enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses
carry reverse transcriptase enzyme which can synthesize DNA from single-stranded RNA
DNA then integrates into host cell genome
eg HIV

28
Q

lytic cycle

A

bacteriophage makes maximal use of the cell’s machinery with little regard for host cell survival
host swells with new virion –> host cell lyses –> other bacteria can be infected

29
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

virus integrates into host genome as provirus/prophage and will be replicated as the bacterium reproduces
will typically revert to the lytic cycle at some point

30
Q

prions

A

cause infections by triggering misfolding of other proteins
usually convert protein from alpha helix to B sheet structure
drastically reduces solubility of the protein and cell’s ability to degrade it
eg mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, familial fatal insomnia

31
Q

viroids

A

short circular single-stranded RNA that infects plants

silences genes in the plant genome