Questions

Question 1

ATP consuming steps of muscle contraction

Answer 1

1. dissociation of myosin head from actin requires binding of ATP
2. conformational changes that move actin and myosin relative to one another
3. reuptake of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (requires ATP-hydrolyzing pump to move calcium against its gradient)

Question 2

3 types of skeletal muscle

Answer 2

red / slow (Type I: slow twitch fibers)
red / fast (Type IIa: fast oxidative fibers)
white / fast (Type IIb: fast glycolytic fibers)

Question 3

terminal electron acceptor in lactic acid fermentation

Answer 3

pyruvate

instead of oxygen in ETC

Question 4

components located in the cell membrane

Answer 4

phospholipids and proteins

Question 5

which type of inhibitor increases Km while leaving Vmax unchanged?

Answer 5

competitive inhibitor

Question 6

review of Michaelis-Menten kinematics

Answer 6

competitive inhibition - Vmax does not change, Km increases
noncompetitive inhibition - Vmax decreases, Km remains the same
mixed inhibition - Vmax decreases, Km increases or decreases
uncompetitive inhibition - Vmax decreases, Km decreases

Question 7

enzymes act by stabilizing

Answer 7

the transition state

which lowers activation energy

Question 8

Gibbs free energy equation

Answer 8

dG=dH-tdS

negative dG means negative dH and positive dS

Question 9

blood pH and oxygen

Answer 9

blood pH higher with more oxygen
lower/more acidic with excess Co2
eg breathing in a high volume of air will lead to higher blood pH due to lower partial pressure of CO2

Question 10

oxygen-requiring reactions of metablism

Answer 10

citric acid cycle and electron transport chain

glycolysis can occur without oxygen

Question 11

reference group

Answer 11

group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their behavior
similar to homophily

Question 12

token economy

Answer 12

rewarding individuals with secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for appetitive stimuli
eg a teacher gives chips to her students for good behavior, which can then be exchanged for prizes

Question 13

Weber’s Law

Answer 13

just noticeable difference is a ratio of existing stimulus intensity
eg 10 to 12 pound weights create just noticeable difference for a participant, so from 20 pound weights there must be a difference of 4 pounds

Question 14

power in terms of force

Answer 14

P = F x v at constant velocity

Question 15

soaps can be derived from

Answer 15

fatty acids
triacylglycerols
phospholipids
all 3 contain RCO2-
cannot be derived from cholesterol

Question 16

action potential

Answer 16

sodium leaves the cell and potassium enters

sodium-potassium pump hydrolyzes ATP to create ion gradient

Question 17

glycolysis produces __ ATP

Answer 17

2

Question 18

F factor plasmid

Answer 18

allows exchange of genetic information during bacterial conjugation

Question 19

conjugation vs transformation vs transduction

Answer 19

conjugation - exchange of DNA between two bacteria (basically sexual reproduction) requiring fertility or F factor plasmid
transformation - uptake of DNA from surroundings like media in which bacteria is immersed
transduction - DNA is transferred by a virus

Question 20

delta H for an exothermic reaction

Answer 20

negative

positive delta H means endothermic reaction