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The Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are composed of cells
Cell is basic fucntional unit of life
cells arise from pre exsiting cells
Cells carry genetic info passed onto daughter cells

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2
Q

Viruses

A

contain genetic material but cannot reproduce by themselves; hence not living organisms

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3
Q

Eukaryotic Vs Prokaryotic Main Difference

A

E: Nucleus contained in membrane
P: No nucleus

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4
Q

Purpose of Membrane Bound Organelles

A

allows for compartmentalization of functions in E cells; phospholipid bilayer

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5
Q

Purpose of phospholipid bilayer

A

Inside is hydrophobic and outside is hydrophillic allowing for selective barrier

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6
Q

Nucleus is surrounded by….

A

nuclear membrane/envelope to keep nuclear environment separate from cytosol

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7
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Allow for selective two way transport of material between cytoplasm and nucleus

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8
Q

DNA’s Coding Regions

A

Genes

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9
Q

Nucleolus

A

subsection of nucleus where rRNA is synthesized

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10
Q

Outermembrane of Mitochondria

A

barrier between cytosol and inner enviornment of mitochondria

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11
Q

Inner Membrane (Cristae)

A

contains the molecules and enzymes needed for ETC

also increase the SA for ETC enzymes

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12
Q

Intermembrane Space and Mitochondrial Matrix

A

pumping of protons from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space produces proton-motive force to generate ATP through OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

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13
Q

Why are mitochondrion different from other parts of the cell?

A

Semi-Autonomous: contain thier own genes and replicate independently

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14
Q

Cytoplasmic/Extranuclear Inheritence

A

transmission of genetic material independent of nucleus

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15
Q

Apoptosis

A

killing of the cell; can be initiated by enzymes from ETC in mitochondria being released

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A

contain hydrolytic enezmyes to breakdown substrates; can lead to apoptosis when autolysis occurs

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17
Q

Autolysis

A

releasing of enzymes from lysosomes into cell leading to apoptosis

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18
Q

ER Rough

A

studded with ribosomes to allow for protein translation directly into inner lumen

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19
Q

ER Smooth

A

lacks ribosomes and used for lipid synthesis

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

stacked membrane bound sacs

ER -> Golgi to be modified by addition of groups (carbs, phosphates, sulfates, signal seq)

Modified products repackaged in vesicles and sent to correct location

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21
Q

Exocytosis

A

vesicles merging with cell membrane to release its contents

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22
Q

Peroxisomes

A

contain hydrogen peroxide to breakdown long fatty acid chains via B-oxidation, synthesis of phospholipids and pentose phosphate pathway

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

provides structure to the cell and helps maintain its shape while conduiting transport of materials around cell.

Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments

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24
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • polymerized rods of actin that are resistant to compression and fracture
  • (use ATP to generate movement via attaching to myosin)
  • also play a role in cytokinesis by forming ring for cleavage furrow that constricts and splits the cell into 2
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25
Q

Microtubules

A
  • hollow tubulin protein polymers

- primary pathway for kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles

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26
Q

Kinesin and Dynein

A

motor proteins which carry vesicles

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27
Q

Cilia

A

micortubule that move material along the surface of the cell

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28
Q

Flagella Eukaroytes

A

microtubule that move cell itself (sperm)

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29
Q

9+2 Structure for Cilia and Flagella

A

only in eukaryotic organelles of motility

9 microtubules forming ring with two in the center

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30
Q

Centrioles

A

found in centrosome, migrate to opposite poles of dividing cell to organize mitotic spindle

microtubules from centrioles attach to chromosomes via kinetochores

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31
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

cell-cell adhesions, maintenance of integrity of cytoskeleton (rigidness)

anchor other organelles and withstand lots of tension

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32
Q

Epithelial Cell

A

covers body and lines cavities for protection against pathogens

absorption, secretion and sensation

polarized (one side faces lumen, other with blood)

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33
Q

Basement Membrane

A

where epithelial cells are tightly joined to an underlyging layer of connective tissues

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34
Q

Parenchyma

A

functional parts of organs covered by epithelial tissues (nephrons, hepatocytes)

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35
Q

Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified Epithelia

A

One layer, multiple, appearance of multiple but only one

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36
Q

Cuboidal, Columnar, Squamous

A

cube, long and thin, flat and scale like epithelia shapes

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37
Q

Connective Tissue

A

framework for the epithelia (stroma or support structure)

Produce and secrete collagen/elastin to from extracellular matrix

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose and blood

38
Q

Nucleiod Region

A

area where concentrated DNA of prokaryotes is found

39
Q

Archae

A

Prokaroytes

single celled organisms with genes/metabolic pathways similar to eukaryotes

use alternative sources of energy (photo, chemo, inorganic)

40
Q

Archae similarities to Eukaroyotes

A
  • RNA polymerases, DNA has histones, start translation with methionine
41
Q

Archae similarities to Prokaroytes

A

single circular chromosome, divide by binary fission, similar structure to bacteria

42
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryote

cell membrane, cytoplasm and flagella (sometimes fimbriae which is like cillia)

bacterial/eukaryotic flagella are different which can lead to targetting and of course antibiotics (targeting smaller bacetrial ribosomes)

43
Q

Mutualistic Symbiotes

A

both humans and bacteria benefit from relationship

ex: human gut bacteria produce vitamin K and biotin to precent overgrowth of harmful bacteria

44
Q

Pathogens/Parasites

A

harm host, no benefits

live intra or extracellularly

45
Q

Cocci

A

spherical bacteria

46
Q

Bacilli

A

rod shaped bacteria

47
Q

Spirilli

A

spiral shaped bacteria

48
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism

49
Q

Anaerobes

A

bacteria that do not require oxygen, use fermentation or other methods

50
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

bacteria that cannot survive in oxygen due to reactive oxygen radicals reacting causing cell death

51
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

toggle between metabolic processes (depending on if oxygen is present)

52
Q

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

A

don’t use oxygen, but are not harmed by its presense

53
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Wall

A

forms outer barrier followed by cell membrane within it to form the envelope

structure and controls movement of solutes into/out of bacterium

54
Q

Gram Positive Cell Wall

A

deep purple

Thick Layer peptidoglycan to protect from host immune system

Lipoteichoic Acid

55
Q

Gram Negative Cell Wall

A

pink red

Thin Layer Peptidoglycan

outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides to trigger inflmatory response

56
Q

Flagella Prokaroyte

A
  • movement towards or away food/toxins

Filament: bollow, helical structure made of flagellin

Hook: connects the basal body and filament

Basal Body: anchors flagellum to cytoplasmic membrane and is motor

57
Q

Chemotaxis

A

ability to move toward or away chemical stimulus

58
Q

Plasmids

A

circular DNA seperate from chromosomal DNA that carry DNA not needed for survival but other uses such as antibiotic resistance

59
Q

How Prokaryotes Produce ATP

A

No mitochondria, but cell membrane is used for ETC and ATP generation

60
Q

Ribosomes Prokaryotes

A

SMaller subunits than Eukaryotes (30 and 50 vs 40 and 60)

61
Q

Binary Fission

A

how prokaryotes reproduce (asexual)

Chromosome binds to cell walll and replicates as cell grows in size

Eventually cell wall/membrane grow inward until it splits into 2 cells

very rapid

62
Q

Extrachromosomal/Extragenomic Material

A

Plasmids

63
Q

Virulence Factors

A

increase how pathogenic a bacterium is, found in plasmids

64
Q

Episomes

A

subset of plasmids which integrate into genome of bacteria

65
Q

Transformation

A

integration of foreign material into host genome; gram negative rods carry this out

66
Q

Conjugation

A

Bacterial mating

Conjugation bridge is formed where donor male (+) gives genetic material to recpient female (-)

allows for rapid antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in colony

67
Q

Sex Pili

A

Involved in forming conjugation bridge in conjugation; found in donor male

Formed if bacteria contain sex factors (F Factor)

68
Q

F Factor

A

F+ + F- : F+ replicates its sex factor and donates to the recipient F- to also make it F+

sex factor can be integrated into genome and the entire genome can tried to be donated; usually bridge breaks before this

69
Q

Hfr

A

High frequency of recombination for cells that go under conjugation

70
Q

Transduction

A

only one of Conjugation and transformation to require a viral vector (bacteriphages)

Bacteriophage takes segment of DNA from Host cell when building within it, it can then infect other host cell with the DNA to incorporate into its genome

71
Q

Transposons

A

genetic elements found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that can insert and remove themselves from the genome ; can disrupt genes if inserted in coding region of the gene

72
Q

Bacterial Growth

A

Lag Phase: bacteria adapting to local conditions

Exponential/Log Phase: growth increases and number increases

Stationary Phase: resources reduced slowing reproduction

Death Phase: bacteria have exceeded the ability of the environment to support the number of bacteria

73
Q

Basic Virus Structure

A

genetic material, protein coat (Capsid), envelope with lipids

74
Q

Viral Genetic Material

A

DS/SS, RNA/DNA, Linear/Circular

75
Q

Capsid

A

protein coat around genetic material that can be covered with lipid based envelope (making it easier to kill)

76
Q

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

A

Viruses must replicate genetic information within a host cell as they cannot conduct protein synthesis

77
Q

Virions

A

viral progeny made within host cells due to virus hijacking genetic machinery

78
Q

Tail Sheath

A

injects genetic material into bacteria

79
Q

Tail Fibers

A

help virus identify and connect to host cell

80
Q

Positive Sense Virus

A

SS RNA virus genome can be directly translated to functional proteins by ribosomes

81
Q

Negative Sense Virus

A

SS RNA virus genome requre complementary seq of the genome before protein synthesis occurs

***REQUIRE RNA REPLICASE TO SYNTHESIZE COMPLEMENTARY STRAND

82
Q

Retrovirus

A

enveloped, SS RNA

carry reverse transcriptase to turn RNA into DNA to incorporate into host genome DNA and only way to cure it is by killing infected cell (HIV!!)

83
Q

Process of Infection

A

viruses only infect specific cells with specific receptors

Enevloped virus will fuse with plasma membrane to allow virion to enter host cell ; sometimes done through endocytosis by host cell as a mistake

Tail sheath can form pores on membrane to allow for transfer of material

84
Q

Translation and Progrny Assembly

A

For virus to produce, translation occurs

DNA Virus: go into nucleus to become mRNA then proteins

Positive Sense RNA: stay in cytoplasm for ribosomes to trasncribe

Negative Sense RNA: RNA replicase first forms complementary and then translated to proteins

Retrovirus: RNA becomes DNA via reverse transcriptase and then goes to nucleus

Once protein made (often capsid), then encapture viral genome in the form it initially was (DNA, SS RNA, etc when entering host)

85
Q

Progeny Release

A

1) Cell death leading progeny to spill out
2) Host cell lyses due to number of progeny (disadvantageous)
3) Extrusion: fuses with plasma membrane; allows for virus to continually use the host cell

86
Q

Productive Cycle

A

Extrusion, where host cell is live and used by the virus

87
Q

Lytic Cycle/Virulent

A

bacteriphage makes maximal use of host cell leading to cell lysing; can infect other bacteria.

88
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A

If no lysing occurs, it becomes a provirus/prophage

virus is replicated as bacteria reproduces, will eventually go into lytic phase due to enviornmental factors

89
Q

Superinfection

A

simultaneous infection by multiple phages; once a phage infects, bacteria is usually less susceptible to this

90
Q

Prions

A

infectious proteins/nonliving things; cause disease by misfolding proteins

often characterized by alpha helical conversion to B pleated sheet

91
Q

Viroids

A

pathogens with short, circular SS RNA to infect plants; bind to RNA sequences to silence genes

few human viroids exist (HDV)

Biology (5 decks)

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