Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What characteristcs do all mammals share?

A

Mammary Glands
Three Bones in Middle Ear
One bone in Lower Jaw
Fur/Hair
Sebaceous (oil) and Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
Heterodont Dentification (different teeth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

share 2 copies of each chromosomes

autosomal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Haploid (n)

A

one copy of each chromosome

germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The Stages of Cell Cycle

A

G1 , S, G2, M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

G1, S and G2 are known as…

A

interphase, the longest part of cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cells that do NOT divide are in the…

A

G0 phase, they just perform a function and do not divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

During interphase, chromosomes are not visible, they are in the form of….because…

A

chromatin so the DNA is available for transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

G1 Stage

A

cells create organelles for energy and protein production but also grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

To go from G1 to S phase…

A

must pass through restriction point where it checks from proper complement of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

S Stage

A

cell replicates its genetic material for each daughter cell

Each chromosome is now two identical chromatids

NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES IS SAME, JUST CHROMATIDS IS DOUBLED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Chromatid

A

made during S phase with condensing and replication of DNA to be bound at centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

G2 Phase

A

cell has twice as much DNA now than in G1

another checkpoint to make sure there are enough organelles/cytoplasm for division and that DNA has been properly replicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

M Phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

4 stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

cytokinesis is the splitting into two cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If there has been any damage to the DNA the cell cycle goes into arrest until DNA is repaired, the main protein involved in this process is….

A

p53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cyclins and Cyclin Dependent kinases (CDKs)

A

molecules responsible for cell cycle

CDK is activated by specific cyclins to activate and phosphorylate transcription factors to transcript genes for next stage of cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most common mutation to cause cancer…

A

mutation of p53 gene, the TP53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cancer

A

uncontrolled cell division caused by allowing DNA to not properly be replicated and produce cells growths known as tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Metastasis

A

invasion of cancerous cells to other parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mitosis occurs in….

A

somatic cells, those not involved in sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Prophase

A

chromatin condenses to chromosomes

centriole pairs separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell to the centrosome

Nuclear membrane goes away

centrioles prepare spindle fibers which can either anchor the centriole to the cellular membrane or attach to centromere of chromosomes via kinetochores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Centriole

A

produce spindle fibers (made of microtubules) to attach to cell membrane or chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Centrosome

A

region where centrioles are kept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Spindle fibers

A

come from centrioles, made of microtubuleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Asters

A

spindle fibers which anchor centrioles to the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Kinetochores
protein structures on centromeres that are attatchment points for kinetochore fibers
26
Kinetochore Fibers
spindle fibers that bind to kinetochores of the centromeres of the chromosomes
27
Metaphase
kinetochore fibers interact with fibers of spindle apparatus to align the chromosomes at the metaphase plate
28
Anaphase
centromeres split so each chromatid has its own centromere sister chromatids are now separated and pulled towards the opposite ends of the cell
29
Telophase
spindle apparatus disappears, nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes and chromosomes uncondense
30
Cytokinesis
separation of cytoplasm and organelles so there is enough for each cell
31
Meiosis occurs in...and result in...
gametocytes (germ cells) , identical sex cells known as gametes
32
Meiosis 1 vs Meiosis 2
M1: results in homologous chromosomes being seperated resulting in haploid daughter cells M2: similar to mitsosis where seperation of sister chromatids occurs
33
Reductional Division
Meiosis one, haploid daughter cells are created
34
Equational Division
Meiosis 2, similar to mitosis where sister chromatid are separated
35
Homologous Pairs
2 separate chromosomes paired together when lined up in meiosis, one chromosome from each parent
36
Prophase 1
chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindle apparatus forms homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine and from tetrads crossing over may occur
37
Synapsis
the intertwining process of homologous chromosomes
38
Tetrad
formed when homologous chromosomes are paired, referes to the total of 4 chromatids
39
Synaptonemal Complex
How tetrads are bound together
40
Crossing Over
When chromosomes in tetrad break equivalent amounts of DNA at chiasmas and switch can be single or double OCCURS BETWEEN HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES NOT SISTER CHROMATID
41
Chiasma
point of contact for chromatids in tetrad
42
Linkage
tendency of genes to be inherited together; genes located further away are more likely to undergo crossing over when compared to one another
43
Mendels Second Law of Independent Assortment
inheritance of one allele has no effect on the likelihood of inheriting certain alleles for other genes
44
Metaphase 1
homologous pairs align at metaphase plate and each pair is attached to a separate spindle fiber main difference is each homologous chromosome is across one another and attached to a spindle fiber where as in mitosis each chromosome is attached to 2 spindle fibers
45
Anaphase 1
homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell through disjunction leading to segregation with each daughter cell randomly getting one of the two homologous chromosomes
46
Disjunction
separation of homologous chromosomes to opposite side of the poles, accounts for Mendels First Law of Segregation
47
Telophase 1
Nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes and daughter chromatids still attached. Cells are now haploid cytokinesis splits the cell into 2 daughter cells
48
Interkinesis
between cell divisions a short rest period where chromosomes uncoil
49
Prophase 2
nuclear envelope dissolves, centrioles migrate to poles and spindle apparatus forms
50
Metaphase 2
chromosomes line up at metaphseal plate
51
Anaphase 2
centromeres split and sister chromatids split to opposite poles
52
Telophase 2
nuclear membrane forms, cytokinesis follors to create two more daughter cells to lead to a total of 4 haploid daughter cells per gametocyte
53
Sex Linked Disorders
X Chromosome carries a sizeable amount of genetic information in which mutation causes this recessively inherited
54
Sex Linked Carriers
Women that do no express the disease but carry the allele
55
Y chromosome
carries very little genetic information
56
SRY gene
on Y chromosome, codes for a transcription factor to initiate testis differentiation and male gonads hence lack of Y chromosome all are female
57
Testes
where gonads develop(semineferous tubules and interstitial cells)
58
Semineferous Tubules
produces sperm nourished by Sertoli cells
59
Interstitial Cells
secrete testosterone and androgens
60
Androgens
male sex hormones
61
Scrotum
holds testes and maintains temperature 2-4 degrees lower than body ; done with layer of muscle around vas deferns
62
Epididymis
sperm are sent where flagella gain motility and stored until ejaculation
63
Ejaculation
sperm goes through vas deferens to ejaculatory duct at prostate gland and then to the urethra
64
In males the ____ and ___ share common pathway, not the case with females
reproductive and urinary
65
Seminal Fluid
produced through seminal vessecles, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland ; sperm passes through this fluid
66
Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland
give fructose to nourish the sperm; both make sperm alkaline to survive acidity of female reproductive tract
67
Bulbourethral Glands
produces fluid to clean out urine/lubriates during arousal
68
Semen
combination of sperm and seminal fluid
69
Spermatogenesis
formation of haploid sperm throough meiosis in the semineferous tubules
70
Spermatogonia
Diploid Stem Cells
71
Primary Spermatocytes Secondary Spermatocytes Spermatids Spermatozoa
after replication in S phase after Meiosis 1 after Meiosis 2 Maturation leading to 4 functional sperm
72
Sperm Structure
Head, midpiece, flagellum
73
Sperm Midpiece
filled with mitochondira to generate ATP to swim to ovum
74
Sperm Head
covered by acrosome and contains genetic material
75
Acrosome
helps head penetrate ovum
76
Ovaries
female gonads that produce estrogen and progestrone
77
Pelvic Cavity
where ovaries are kept on follicles
78
Follicles
multilayered sacs that contain, nourish and protect ova(eggs)
79
Between puberty and monopause...
one egg per month is ovulated into peritoneal sac and then drawn into the fallopian tube where cilia propels the egg along
80
Vaginal canal
sperm is donated here during intercourse
81
Uterus
from fallopian tubes to uterus for fetal development
82
Vulva
external female anatomy
83
Oogenesis
production of female gametes **all oogeneia a woman will ever have are formed during fetal development
84
Primary Oocytes
like primary spermatocytes they are 2n and arrested in prphase 1; done by birth
85
Secondary Oocyte
during a womans period, one primary oocyte will complete meiosis 1 and produce this and a polar body arrested at metaphase 2 until fertilization
86
Menarche
first menstrual cycle
87
Polar body
occurs from unequal cytokenesis where the secondary oocyte has all the cytoplasm and the polar body has minimal a second is formed after mature ovum is made from Meiosis 2
88
Zona Pellucida
layer surrounds the oocyte and made of glycoproteins to protect oocyte and allow sperm to bind
89
Corona Radiata
outside of zona pellucida and adhered to oocyte during ovulation
90
Acrosomal Enzymes
helps sperm penetrate the layers arround oocyte and trigger mitosis 2
91
Diploid Zygote
when sperm (half DNA) and oocyte fuse (literally everything else from DNA, organelles, cytoplasm etc)
92
Prior to puberty for females the hypothalamus....
restricts production of GnRH (gonadtropin-releasing hormone)
93
During puberty for females the hypothalamus_ and the anterior pituitary _
releases GnRH to stimulate anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH (follicle stimulating and lutenizin hormone)
94
Males during puberty increase ____ production to allow sperm production
testosterone negatively feedbacks to hypothalamous/AP to limit levles
95
FSH in men
stimulater stertoli cells and triggers sperm maturation
96
LH in men
causes interstitial cells to produce testosterone
97
Secondary Sexual Characteristics Male
caused by testosterones leading to axillary hair, growth, deep voices
98
FSH in women
cause estrogens to be secreted from ovaries
99
Estrogen in Females
leads to secondary characteristics and maintains demale reproductive system in embryo it stimulates development of reproductive tract in adult it thickens lining of the uterus (endometrium)
100
Progesterone
secreted by corpus luteum in response to LH; at the end of first trimester of pregnancy it is supplied by the placenta development and maintenance of endometrium
101
Corpus Luteum
remanent follicle left after ovulation
102
Menstrual Cycle
growing/shedding of uterus lining from menarche to menopause with cyclic pattern of estrogen and progesterone levels
103
1. Follicular Phase
occurs when menstrual flow begins, GnRH secretion from hypothalamus increases in response to decreased estrogen/progesterone to increase FSH and LH they then develop the ovarian follicles, which produce estrogen to inhibit GnRH, FSH and LH and regrow the endometrial lining
104
Menstrual Flow
shedding of uterine lining of previous cycle
105
2. Ovulation
Estrogen from follicles induce positive feedback to increase GnRH, LH and FSH LH surge results to the release of ovum into abdominal cavity
106
3. Luteal Phase
LH causes ruptured follicle to form corps leuteum and secrete progesterone progesterone and estrogen levels are high to cause negative feedback on GnRH, FSH, LH to prevent ovulation of more eggs
107
4a. Menstruation
if implantation doesn't occur, corpus leuteum loses stimulation from LH, progesterone dies down and uterine lining is shed decrease in estrogen/progesterone allows for GnRH activation to restart cycle
108
4b. Pregnancy
if fertilization occurs, zygote develops into blastocyte and implants in uterine lining hCG is secreted to maintain the corpus luteum thereby keeping uterine lining as estrogen and progesterone levels are high and inhibit GnRH in second trimester hCG dies off as placenta has grown to supply its own estrogen/progesterone
109
hCG
human chroionic gonadotropin used to help maintain corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone to keep lining
110
5.Menopause
ovarian and endometrium atrophy as FSH and LH don't stimulate thereby decreases estrogen/progesterone due to age FSH and LH are high in blood stream because estrogen/progesterone cannot inhibit
111
S E V E N U P
``` Seminefirous Tubules Epidymis vas Deferens Ejaculatory Duct Urethra Penis ```

Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions