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MCAT Biology (Kaplan Book) > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

Everything lol

1
Q

What do microtubules in the cell do?

A

Serve as lines/tracks for vesicles

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2
Q

Maker of the first compound microscope

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

First person to view living cells under a microscope

A

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

Person who demonstrated that diseased cells could come from normal cells

A

Rudolph Virchow

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5
Q

What are the 4 tenets of Cell Theory?

A
  1. All living things are made up of cells
  2. All Living things are made of cells
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
  4. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA
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6
Q

Aqueous Component of cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

The control center of the cell and contains all genetic material (Eukaryotes)

A

Nucleus

Picture

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8
Q

Section of the cell where ribosomes are made

A

Nucleolus

Picture

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9
Q

Organizing proteins in genetic material/ chromatin

A

Histones

Picture

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10
Q

Power Plant of the cell, site of Cellular Respiration

A

Mitochondria

Picture

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11
Q

Barrier between cytosol and inner environment of mitochondria

A

Outer Membrane of Mitchondria

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12
Q

Contains molecules and enzymes necessary for the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A

Inner Membrane of Mitchondria

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13
Q

Numerous in-foldings of Inner Membrane of Mitochondria

A

Cristae

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14
Q

Site of ATP Synthase; the space inside the inner membrane

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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15
Q

Transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus

A

Cytoplasmic/Extranuclear Inheritance

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16
Q

Theory that organelles were formed by the engulfing of one prokaryote by another and a symbiotic relationship forming between them

A

Serial Endosymbiosis

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17
Q

What is Mitochondrial Apoptosis?

A

Mitochondria releases enzymes from ETC that kills the cell

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18
Q

This organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes

A

Lysosome

Picture

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19
Q

What is Lysosomal Apoptosis?

A

Also called Autolysis–Lysosome membrane sequesters hydrolytic enzymes but can also release them causing direct degradation of cell components

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20
Q

Interconnected with nucleus, this organelle has ribosomes and permits the translation of proteins in its lumen

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Picture

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21
Q

Also interconnected with nucleus, this organelle lacks ribosomes and is involved with lipid synthesis, detoxification and transporting proteins to the Golgi Apparatus

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Picture

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22
Q

Stacked membrane bound sacs, cellular products from RER are modified and shipped to specific parts of the cell. Receives and ships components through vesicles.

A

Golgi Apparatus

Picture

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23
Q

This organelle contains hydrogen peroxide and breaks down long fatty acid chains through Beta-Oxidation. Participates in phospholipid production and pentose phosphate pathway.

A

Peroxisome

Picture

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24
Q

The group of structures in charge of maintaining cell shape/ support and provide conduits for the transport of materials throughout the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

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25
Q

Division of materials between daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

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26
Q

This sub-group of the cytoskeleton is made up of actin and specializes in generating movement for the cell and forming the cleavage furrow/cytokinesis

A

Microfilament

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27
Q

Projections from the cell involved in movement of materials along the surface

A

Cilia

Picture

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28
Q

Involved in movement of the cell itself

A

Flagella

Picture

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29
Q

This sub-group of the cytoskeleton is made up of tubulin proteins and provide conduits for vesicles and make up cilia and flagella

A

Microtubules

30
Q

What is the 9+2 structure?

A

Basic structure of cilia and flagella. Consists of 9 microtubules forming a ring around 2 in the center
(Picture)

31
Q

Organizing structures found in centrosomes where it organizes microtubules for the mitotic spindle

A

Centrioles

32
Q

This type of tissue covers the body, lines cavities and protects against pathogens and dessication

A

Epithelial Tissue

Picture

33
Q

Important aspect of epithelial tissue where cells bind to in order to be a cohesive unit

A

Basal Membrane

34
Q

What are parenchyma?

A

Parts of an organ in charge of the actual function of it

35
Q

Classification of Epithelia– What is Simple Epithelia structure?

A

One layer of cells

Picture

36
Q

Classification of Epithelia– What is Pseudostratified Epithelia structure?

A

One layer with differing cell heights

Picture

37
Q

Classification of Epithelia– What is Stratified Epithelia structure?

A

Multiple layers of cells

Picture

38
Q

Epithelia Cell Shape– What is squamous?

A

Scale-like; flat

Picture

39
Q

Epithelia Cell Shape– What is Cuboidal?

A

Cube-like

Picture

40
Q

Epithelial Cell Shape– What is Columnar?

A

Long and thin; column-like

Picture

41
Q

Type of tissue that provides support for the body and framework of epithelial cells? These type of cells produce extracellular matrix. Examples: Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood.

A

Connective Tissue

Picture

42
Q

Single-celled organisms visually similar to bacteria but genetically and metabolically similar to Eukaryotes

43
Q

An organism that uses sunlight to generate energy

A

Photosynthetic Organism

44
Q

An organism that uses inorganic compounds to generate energy

A

Chemosynthetic Organism

45
Q

Prokaryotic structure similar to cilia

A

Fimbriae

Picture

46
Q

Relationship where both organisms benefit

A

Mutualistic Symbiotic

47
Q

Spherical bacteria shape

48
Q

Rod-Shaped bacteria

49
Q

Spiral-Shaped bacteria

50
Q

Organism that needs O2 for metabolic processes

A

Obligate Aerobe

51
Q

Organism that needs a lack of O2 for metabolic processes

Ex. Use fermentation or a different electron acceptor for Cellular Respiration

A

Obligate Anaerobe

52
Q

Organisms that can switch between obligate An/Aerobe

A

Facultative Anaerobe

53
Q

Organisms that are unable to use oxygen but are not harmed by it

A

Aerotolerant Anerobe

54
Q

Polymeric substance made of amino acids and sugars; makes up Bacterial Cell Wall

A

Peptidoglycan

55
Q

Space between the cell wall and cell membrane

A

Periplasmic Space

56
Q

Gram-Negative bacterial substance that makes up their outer membrane

A

Lipopolysaccharide

57
Q

Prokaryotic flagella are composed of….

A
  1. Filament
  2. Basal Body
  3. Hook
58
Q

Bacterial process of acquiring foreign DNA from the environment and integrating it into the genome

A

Transformation

59
Q

Known as “Bacterial form of mating”; involves the creation of a bridge of pili and the transfer of sex factors

A

Conjugation

60
Q

A virus that carries genetic material from one host to another

61
Q

The mixing of genetic material through vectors transferring from one host to another

A

Transduction

62
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

63
Q

Genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome

A

Transposons

64
Q

Viral Progeny

65
Q

Type of single-stranded RNA virus whose genome can be directly translated into proteins via ribosomes like mRNA

A

Positive Sense Virus

66
Q

Type of single-stranded RNA virus that requires synthesis of a complementary RNA strand and its use as a template

A

Negative Sense Virus

67
Q

RNA viruses that integrate a copy of their DNA genome into a host cell in order to replicate

A

Retroviruses

68
Q

Enzyme that synthesized DNA from single-stranded RNA

A

Reverse Transcriptase

69
Q

Virion mode of release where the virion fuses with the plasma membrane of the host cell and bud off

A

Extrusion

Picture

70
Q

Simultaneous infection

A

Superinfection

71
Q

Infectious proteins that cause disease by triggering mis-foldings of other proteins

72
Q

Small pathogens with small circular single-stranded RNA that typically infect plants; they bind to RNA sequences and can “Silence” genes

MCAT Biology (Kaplan Book) (2 decks)

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