Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT Biology (Kaplan Book) > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are autosomal cells?

A

Cells that do not have sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is interphase?

A

Longest phase of the cell cycle which encompasses G1, S, and G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is G0 stage?

A

Stage/phase in which the cell is serving its function and not getting ready to divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What occurs in G1 phase?

A

Cells create organelles for energy and protein synthesis, and grow in size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What occurs in G1/S restriction point?

A

Makes sure DNA is ready/ repairs DNA for S phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What occurs in the S Phase?

A

Cell replicates itself so daughter cells have identical copies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What exactly counts as a chromosome?

A

A single chromatid before S phase or a pair of chromatids attached at the centromere after S phase. Still the same ploidy, simply double the amount of chromatids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occurs in G2 + G2/M restriction point?

A

Makes sure that there are enough organelles and cytoplasm for both cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

General Steps of Mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase… Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is p53?

A

A protein that largely regulates the cell cycle and therefore suppresses tumors. It is affected by a gene called TP53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 Molecules involved with the Cell Cycle that start with a C and what do they do?

A

Cyclin and Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDK). Cyclin binds to CDK which phosphorylates transcription factors that promote transcription for the next stage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is cancer?

A

The division of unhealthy/damaged cells. Rapid and uncontrolled division can lead to tumors– abnormal growths of tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the spread of cancer to other parts of the body called?

A

Metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

Cell not involved in reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What occurs in Prophase of Mitosis?

A

Chromatin is condensed to chromosomes. Nucleus disappears. Centriole pairs move towards opposite poles and as centrosomes they create and spread spindle fibers made of microtubules. and attach to kinetochores at the centromere.
(Picture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an aster?

A

Centrosome produced mitotic spindle that attaches and anchors to the cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What occurs during Metaphase?

A

Kinetochore and spindle fibers interact causing chromosomes to align at the metaphase plate.
(Picture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers and the shortening of kinetochore fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens during Telophase and Cytokinesis?

A

“Reverse of prophase.” Spindle apparatus disappears and nucleus begins to form. Chromosomes revert back to chromatin and the splitting of the cytoplasm begins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Do somatic cells undergo Meiosis?

A

No, only reproductive/ gametocytes undergo meiosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Reductional Division?

A

Cell division in which the ploidy is reduced (2n–>n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Equal Division?

A

Ploidy remains the same (n–>n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

*Some differences between Mitosis and Meiosis:

A

Mitosis is one round of replication and one round of division. Meiosis is one round of replication and two rounds of division. Meiosis I is an example of reductional division while Meiosis II is an example of equal division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The cell right before Meiosis? (# of chromatids/sister chromosomes/homologous pairs)

A

92 chromatids (doubled after S phase), 46 chromosomes which are organized into 23 homologous pairs (to be separated at anaphase from tetrads to homologous pairs)

25
Q

Homologous chromosomes coming together and intertwine is called?

A

Synapsis

26
Q

Homologous chromosomes are held together by a group of proteins called?

A

Synaptonemal Complex

27
Q

What is the chiasma?

A

Point of contact between chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

28
Q

What is linkage? (Think recombination/ linked genes)

A

Tendency of genes to be inherited together.

29
Q

Mendel’s Second Law of Independent Assortment

A

“Allele pairs separate independently during formation of gametes”. Or, the allele doesn’t affect the likelihood of another allele.

30
Q

What occurs in Prophase I of Meiosis?

A

Typical Prophase stuff. Also, chromosomes form tetrads and they exchange equivalent DNA in crossing over.

31
Q

Metaphase I?

A

Homologous pairs (tetrads) align at the metaphase plate ; each pair attaches to a different spindle fiber

32
Q

Anaphase I?

A

Homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles ( called disjunction). Separating the two homologous chromosomes is called segregation

33
Q

Telophase I?

A

Nuclear Membrane forms around each nucleus, each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere. They are haploid now

34
Q

Which chromosome carries genetic information?

A

X Chromosome

35
Q

What does it mean to be Hemizygous?

A

Having one copy (referring to the X chromosome and being XY) instead of the typical two (XY)

36
Q

What does it mean to be Hemizygous?

A

Having one copy (referring to the X chromosome and being XY) instead of the typical two (XY)

37
Q

What is a carrier?

A

Typically female because they have two X chromosomes that can carry genes. They are people who carry a disease on an X chromosome but do not exhibit the disease

38
Q

What is a gonad?

A

Reproductive organ; produces gametes

39
Q

Pathway of sperm?

A

Seminiferous Tubules, Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Ejaculatory Duct, Urethra, Prepuce. (SEVEN UP; Not counting glands)

40
Q

Seminal Vesicles produce?

A

Fructose- energy for the sperm, and prostaglandins- uterine contractions

41
Q

Prostate Gland

A

anticoagulants and citrate

42
Q

Bulbo-urethral Gland

A

Produces mucus that neutralizes pH

43
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia (2n)–> Mitosis–> Primary Spermatocyte (2n)–>Meiosis I–> Secondary Spermatocyte (n)–> Meiosis II–> Spermatid
(Picture)

44
Q

Acrosome

A

Portion within the head of the sperm cell which contains acrosomal/hydrolytic enzymes

45
Q

What is the basic structure of sperm cell?

A

(Picture)

46
Q

What powers and helps generate ATP in the mid-piece/mitochondrion of Sperm Cells?

A

Fructose from seminal vesicles

47
Q

Female Reproductive Anatomy

A

(Picture)

48
Q

What is menarche?

A

A woman’s first menstrual cycle

49
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

mixture of glycoproteins that surrounds the oocyte and contains enzymes for sperm cell binding

50
Q

Corona Radiata

A

Layer of cells outside of the Zona Pellucida; supplies proteins to the cell

51
Q

Pronucleus

A

Either of a pair of gametic nuclei

52
Q

Hypothalamus Hormone Pathway Male

A

(Picture)

53
Q

Hypothalamus Hormone Pathway Female

A

(Picture)

54
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A

The growth and shedding of the endometrial lining due to hormonal changes with estrogen and progesterone

55
Q

Follicular Phase (Day 1-13)

A

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH to Anterior Pituitary; causes the release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Leutenizing Hormone (LH)–> causes follicles to grow and release estradiol

56
Q

Ovulation (Day 14)

A

Slow rise of estradiol reaches a point at day 14–> causes a surge in LH and a rise in FSH. Ovum is released into Fallopian Tubes

57
Q

Luteal Phase (Day 15-28)

A

After the ovum leaves the follicle, the follicle becomes the Corpus Luteum and secretes estradiol and progesterone. Pregnancy=sustained estradiol and progesterone
No Pregnancy= decrease in hormone levels and degradation of Corpus Luteum. Endometrium lining sheds

58
Q

Hormone that lets the body know it is pregnant

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG):released after implantation of blastocyst in uterine walls

59
Q

What is Menopause?

A

Due to age; ovaries become less sensitive to FSH and LH; estrogen and progesterone levels drop; endometrium atrophies and menstruation stops

MCAT Biology (Kaplan Book) (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions