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Biology > The cell > Flashcards

The cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who discovered cell walls in 1665?

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

How do light microscope (LM) work?

A

Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses

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3
Q

How do electron microscopes (EM) work?

A

Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface

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4
Q

What are Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) used for?

A

For a detailed study of the topography of a specimen

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5
Q

What are Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) used for?

A

To study the internal structure of cells

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6
Q

What are the types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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7
Q

What domains do prokaryotes fall in?

A

Bacteria and Archea

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8
Q

What domains do eukaryotes fall in?

A

Protists (unicellular eukaryotes), fungi, animals, and plants

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9
Q

What do all cells contain?

A

A plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes

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10
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Its a selective barrier that protects the cell; allows for stuff to go in and out of the cell

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11
Q

What is cytosol?

A

A jelly-like substance

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12
Q

What do chromosomes do?

A

They carry genes in the form of DNA

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13
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from genes

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14
Q

What is the DNA located in prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells?

A

In prokaryotes, DNA is not located in a nucleus, but is in a region called the nucleoid, while in eurkaryotes, DNA is in the nucleus

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15
Q

Are cytoplasm in both cells?

A

Yes, in eurkaryotes, it’s suspended in cytosol and have the organelles; is btwn the plasma membrane and nucleus.

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16
Q

Which type of cell doesn’t have organelles?

A

Prokaryotic cells

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17
Q

Do larger organisms have larger cells or have more cells?

A

They have more cells

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18
Q

What parts of the cell directly impact its metabolism?

A

The plasma/organelle membranes b/c many enzymes are built into the membranes

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19
Q

What organelles contain genetic info?

A

The nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast

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20
Q

What encloses the nucleus?

A

The nuclear envelope; is a bilayer and regulates the entry and exit of proteins, RNA, and macromolecules

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21
Q

What is DNA organized into?

A

Discrete units of chromosomes; they carry the genetic info; each contains one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins

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22
Q

What’s chromatin?

A

Proteins that help coil the DNA molecule of each chromosome so it can fit into the nucleus

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23
Q

How many PAIRS of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

24
Q

What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

make up ribosomes and comes from the DNA’s instruction

25
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Complexes of rRNA and proteins, carry out protein synthesis

26
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

Free; suspended in the cytosol and bound; attached to the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope. Are identical in structure and can switch roles

27
Q

What different membranes are part of the endomembrane system?

A

Nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, Vesicles & vacuoles, and plasma membranes

28
Q

What does the endomembrane system do?

A

Carries out protein synthesis, transport of protein into membranes and organelles or out the cell, metabolism/movement of lipids, and detoxtification of poisons

29
Q

What’s the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

A

An extensive network of membrane that it accounts for more than half of total membrane; the network is tubules and sacs called cisternae

30
Q

The two types of ER?

A

Smooth; it other surface lacks ribosomes and Rough; has ribosomes on its outer surface

31
Q

What does the Smooth ER do?

A

Synthesis of lipids (oils and steroids), metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons

32
Q

How does the Rough ER make proteins?

A

By the ribosomes attached to the membrane

33
Q

What is secretary proteins?

A

Glyeoporteins; proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them

34
Q

How do proteins depart from the ER?

A

By transport vesicles that wraps the proteins in a bubble from a region called transitional ER

35
Q

What’s the Golgi Apparatus purpose?

A

After the protein vesicle leave the ER, it goes to the Golgi Apparatrus; its the shipping and receiving center

36
Q

What happened to proteins in the Golgi Apparatrus?

A

It gets modified, stored, then sent off to other destinations

37
Q

What are the two sides of the Golgi Apparatus’ membrane (cisternae)?

A

The cis face; receiving side and trans face; shipping side

38
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

The digestive compartments of the cell; get ruin of waste and can even recycle its own waste (autophagy)

39
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi

40
Q

What do vacuoles do in plants?

A

Helps with cell growth b/c the vacuole absorbs water

41
Q

What organelles in eurkaryotes help convert energy?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast

42
Q

What is the Mitochondria’s function?

A

Cellular respiration; the metabolic process that uses oxygen to make ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels

43
Q

What is the Chloroplast’s function?

A

Photosynthesis; turning solar energy (sunlight along with carbon dioxide and water) to chemical energy (glucose)

44
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Oxidation; has enzymes that remove toxic materials like poisons/drugs

45
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and its function?

A

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm; plays a major role in organizing the structures and activities in the cell

46
Q

What are the three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubles; the thickest, Microfilaments; thinnest, and intermediate filaments

47
Q

What are microtubules and their functions?

A

They’re hollow rods made from a globular protein called tubulin and they shape and support the cell and are also involved with the separation of chromosomes during cell division.

48
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

What microtubules grow from, near the nucleus

49
Q

What are microfilaments and their functions?

A

Thin solid rods in a twisted double chain; can form structural networks

50
Q

What are intermediate filaments functions?

A

Reinforcing the shape of the cell and fixing the position of some organelles like the nucleus

51
Q

What are cell walls?

A

An extracellular structure for plant cell

52
Q

What’s the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) function?

A

Regulates a cell’s behavior by communicating with a cell through intergins, cell-surface receptors

53
Q

What are cell junctions?

A

Cells that are next to each other can communicate via sites of direct physical contact

54
Q

What are tight junctions’s function?

A

Plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other to prevent leakage

55
Q

What are desosomes’s function?

A

Fastens cells into strong sheets

56
Q

What are gap junctions’s function?

A

Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell

Biology (4 decks)

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