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The cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Who discovered cell walls in 1665?

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

How do light microscope (LM) work?

A

Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses

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3
Q

How do electron microscopes (EM) work?

A

Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface

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4
Q

What are Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) used for?

A

For a detailed study of the topography of a specimen

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5
Q

What are Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) used for?

A

To study the internal structure of cells

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6
Q

What are the types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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7
Q

What domains do prokaryotes fall in?

A

Bacteria and Archea

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8
Q

What domains do eukaryotes fall in?

A

Protists (unicellular eukaryotes), fungi, animals, and plants

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9
Q

What do all cells contain?

A

A plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes

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10
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Its a selective barrier that protects the cell; allows for stuff to go in and out of the cell

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11
Q

What is cytosol?

A

A jelly-like substance

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12
Q

What do chromosomes do?

A

They carry genes in the form of DNA

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13
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from genes

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14
Q

What is the DNA located in prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells?

A

In prokaryotes, DNA is not located in a nucleus, but is in a region called the nucleoid, while in eurkaryotes, DNA is in the nucleus

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15
Q

Are cytoplasm in both cells?

A

Yes, in eurkaryotes, it’s suspended in cytosol and have the organelles; is btwn the plasma membrane and nucleus.

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16
Q

Which type of cell doesn’t have organelles?

A

Prokaryotic cells

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17
Q

Do larger organisms have larger cells or have more cells?

A

They have more cells

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18
Q

What parts of the cell directly impact its metabolism?

A

The plasma/organelle membranes b/c many enzymes are built into the membranes

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19
Q

What organelles contain genetic info?

A

The nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast

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20
Q

What encloses the nucleus?

A

The nuclear envelope; is a bilayer and regulates the entry and exit of proteins, RNA, and macromolecules

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21
Q

What is DNA organized into?

A

Discrete units of chromosomes; they carry the genetic info; each contains one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins

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22
Q

What’s chromatin?

A

Proteins that help coil the DNA molecule of each chromosome so it can fit into the nucleus

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23
Q

How many PAIRS of chromosomes do humans have?

24
Q

What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Study These Flashcards
A

make up ribosomes and comes from the DNA’s instruction

25
What are ribosomes?
Complexes of rRNA and proteins, carry out protein synthesis
26
What are the two types of ribosomes?
Free; suspended in the cytosol and bound; attached to the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope. Are identical in structure and can switch roles
27
What different membranes are part of the endomembrane system?
Nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, Vesicles & vacuoles, and plasma membranes
28
What does the endomembrane system do?
Carries out protein synthesis, transport of protein into membranes and organelles or out the cell, metabolism/movement of lipids, and detoxtification of poisons
29
What's the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
An extensive network of membrane that it accounts for more than half of total membrane; the network is tubules and sacs called cisternae
30
The two types of ER?
Smooth; it other surface lacks ribosomes and Rough; has ribosomes on its outer surface
31
What does the Smooth ER do?
Synthesis of lipids (oils and steroids), metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons
32
How does the Rough ER make proteins?
By the ribosomes attached to the membrane
33
What is secretary proteins?
Glyeoporteins; proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
34
How do proteins depart from the ER?
By transport vesicles that wraps the proteins in a bubble from a region called transitional ER
35
What's the Golgi Apparatus purpose?
After the protein vesicle leave the ER, it goes to the Golgi Apparatrus; its the shipping and receiving center
36
What happened to proteins in the Golgi Apparatrus?
It gets modified, stored, then sent off to other destinations
37
What are the two sides of the Golgi Apparatus' membrane (cisternae)?
The cis face; receiving side and trans face; shipping side
38
What are lysosomes?
The digestive compartments of the cell; get ruin of waste and can even recycle its own waste (autophagy)
39
What are vacuoles?
Large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi
40
What do vacuoles do in plants?
Helps with cell growth b/c the vacuole absorbs water
41
What organelles in eurkaryotes help convert energy?
Mitochondria and chloroplast
42
What is the Mitochondria's function?
Cellular respiration; the metabolic process that uses oxygen to make ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels
43
What is the Chloroplast's function?
Photosynthesis; turning solar energy (sunlight along with carbon dioxide and water) to chemical energy (glucose)
44
What do peroxisomes do?
Oxidation; has enzymes that remove toxic materials like poisons/drugs
45
What is the cytoskeleton and its function?
A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm; plays a major role in organizing the structures and activities in the cell
46
What are the three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?
Microtubles; the thickest, Microfilaments; thinnest, and intermediate filaments
47
What are microtubules and their functions?
They're hollow rods made from a globular protein called tubulin and they shape and support the cell and are also involved with the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
48
What are centrosomes?
What microtubules grow from, near the nucleus
49
What are microfilaments and their functions?
Thin solid rods in a twisted double chain; can form structural networks
50
What are intermediate filaments functions?
Reinforcing the shape of the cell and fixing the position of some organelles like the nucleus
51
What are cell walls?
An extracellular structure for plant cell
52
What's the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) function?
Regulates a cell's behavior by communicating with a cell through intergins, cell-surface receptors
53
What are cell junctions?
Cells that are next to each other can communicate via sites of direct physical contact
54
What are tight junctions's function?
Plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other to prevent leakage
55
What are desosomes's function?
Fastens cells into strong sheets
56
What are gap junctions's function?
Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell

Biology (4 decks)

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