Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are most organisms made out of?

A

Carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A compound containing carbon is called what?

A

An organic compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the type of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleuic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The structure of macromolecules tells us what?

A

About their functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar/identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are monomers?

A

The repeating units of the building blocks of a polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a enzyme?

A

A specialized macromolecule (usually Proteins) that speed up chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a dehyration reaction?

A

Two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the lost of a water molecule, connected monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are polymers disassembled to monomers?

A

By hydrolysis/water breakage, is broken by the addition of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What process reverse dehydration reaction?

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are carbohydrate made out of?

A

Both sugars and polymers of sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the simplest carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides/simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are monosaccharides used for?

A

to build more complex carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Double sugars, consists of two monosaccharides by a covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are carbohydrates consider macromolecules?

A

polysaccharides - polymers composed of many sugars building blocks joined together by dehydration reactions; are macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Glucose?

A

A common monosaccharide, a sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is monosaccharide’s function for the cell?

A

Nutrient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage?

A

A covalent bond formed btwn two monosaccharides by dehydration reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do disaccharide consist of?

A

Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are ploysaccharides?

A

Ploymers with a few 100 or 1000 monosaccharide joined by glycosidic linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the ploysaccharides’ function in the cell?

A

some are for storage and some are building materials, the function is dependent on its sugar monomers and the positions of its gylcosidic linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Are starch/gylcogen storage polysaccharides?

A

Yes, plants use starch to store glucose and animals use glycogen and releases glucose when the cell needs sugar ; represents stored energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is Cellulose a structural polysaccharides?

A

Yes, it builds the cell walls for plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are lipids?

A

A diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Are lipids macromolecules

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the types of lipids?

A

Fats, phospholipids, and steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are fats?

A

large molecules assembled from smaller molecules (glycerol; alcohol and fatty acid; oils) by dehydration reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What’s a Triacylglycerol?

A

Consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule (triglyeride)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What’s a saturated fatty acid?

A

A structure that’s saturated with hydrogen; makes saturated fats; in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acid just with one or more double bond with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon; fish and plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What’s a cis double bond?

A

double bond in naturally occurring fatty acid, creates a kink in the hydrocarbon chain

32
Q

What’s the fats’ major function?

A

Energy storage

33
Q

What is Phospholipids?

A

Make up the cell membrane

34
Q

What’s a phospholipid bilayer?

A

A double-layered structure that forms when combined with water and shielding its hydrophobic tails with its hydrophilic head facing outward; is at the surface of the cell

35
Q

What are steroids?

A

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings; e.g. cholestrol

36
Q

What are some of the things proteins do?

A

Speeds up chemical reactions, defend, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, structural support

37
Q

Are most enzymes proteins?

A

Yes

38
Q

What do enzymatic proteins do?

A

regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts; chemical agents that selectively speed up the chemical reaction w/out being consumed in the reaction e.g. digestive enzymes

39
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20, they all make protein

40
Q

Whats a peptide bond

A

The bond btwn amino acids; positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they join by dehydration reaction

41
Q

What’s a ploypeptide?

A

A ploymer of amino acids

42
Q

What’s protein?

A

A biologically functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptides folded and coilded in specific 3D structure

43
Q

What’s the function of defensive proteins?

A

Protection against disease

44
Q

What’s the function of storage proteins?

A

Storage of amino acids

45
Q

What’s the function of transport protein?

A

Transport of substances

46
Q

What’s the function of hormonal proteins?

A

Coordination of an organism’s activities

47
Q

What’s the function of receptor proteins?

A

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

48
Q

What’s the function of contractile and motor proteins?

A

Movement

49
Q

What’s the function of structural proteins?

A

Support

50
Q

What are the types of amino acids

A

Non polar side chain; hydrophobic
Polar side chain; hydrophilic
Electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic
Acidic; negatively charged
Basic; Positively charged

51
Q

What does the primary structure of a protein consist of?

A

Its sequence of amino acids; is inherited genetic info and it dictates secondary and tertiary structure

52
Q

What’s the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The coils and foils segments of proteins polypeptides chains; results of hydrogens bonds btwn the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbones

53
Q

What’s tertiary structure?

A

The overall shape of a polypeptide from the interactions of. the various amino acids

54
Q

Hydrophobic interactions

A

When polypeptides folds into its functional shape, amino acids with hydrophobic, nonpolar side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the proteins to not touch water

55
Q

What is Quaternary Structure?

A

When a protein consist of two or more polypeptide chains

56
Q

What’s denaturation?

A

When protein unravels and loses it natural states, happens when the PH, salt concentration, or temp. changes

57
Q

What technique is most commonly used to determine the 3D shape of a protein?

A

X-ray crystallography; the diffraction of an x-ray beams by the atoms of a crystallized molecules

58
Q

What do genes consist of?

A

DNA; which come from nucleic acids

59
Q

What are nucleic acid

A

Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides

60
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

61
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Provides directions for its own replication/all the cell’s activites, directs RNA synthesis which controls protein synthesis; this is called gene expression

62
Q

What does mRNA (messenger RNA) do?

A

It’s used to convey the DNA to protein; Central Dogma

63
Q

What’s a polynucleotides?

A

Nucleic acids that exist as polymers; its monomers are nucleotides

64
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A

A nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and 1 to 3 phosphate groups

65
Q

What are the types of nitrogenous bases?

A

Pyrimindines - a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms; Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil and Purines - a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring; Adenine and Guanine

66
Q

What bases are found BOTH in DNA and RNA?

A

(A), (C), and (G) are both found in DNA and RNA, (T) is in DNA and (U) is in RNA

67
Q

What’s the structure of DNA ?

A

DNA is double stranded (or a double helix who’s two polypeptides run anti-parallel) and the sugar-phosphate backbones are on the outside and the bases are inside; held together by hydrogen bonds

68
Q

What are the complementary base pairs?

A

(A) pairs to (T) (its (U) in RNA) and (G) and (C)

69
Q

What’s the structure of RNA?

A

Single stranded

70
Q

What’s the Central Dogma?

A

DNA –>Transcription–>RNA–>Translation–>Protein

71
Q

What four chemical groups that are necessary for life

A

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, and amino

72
Q

What’s a hydroxyl group?

A

consisted of one oxygen atom bonded to one hydrogen atom

73
Q

What’s a carboxyl group?

A

consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH)

74
Q

What’s a carbonyl group?

A

a functional group in organic chemistry consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom

75
Q

What is an amino group

A

a functional group in chemistry consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions