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Cell and Mol > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Overall Theme

A

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life

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2
Q

People who made the cell theory

A
  • Matthias Schleiden
  • Theodor Schwann
  • Rudolf Virchow
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3
Q

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

A
  • All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • The cell is the structural unit of life
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4
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

Cells can arise only by division from preexisting cell

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5
Q

Theme 1: Living things, though ___ __ when viewed from the outside, are fundamentally __ inside.

A

infinitely varied; similar

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6
Q

The cell carries all ___ ___ that defines each species

A

hereditary information

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7
Q
  1. All cells store their ___ ___ in the form of DNA
A

hereditary information

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8
Q

A long, unbranched, double-stranded molecule formed by four nucleotides

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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9
Q

The component of nucleotide

A

phosphate, sugar, and base

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10
Q

It links the nucleotide in each strand

A

covalent bonds

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11
Q

It holds the two DNA strands together

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

It determines the genetic information

A

sequence of bases

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13
Q

The person conducted the transformation experiment on Streptococcus pneuomoniae

A

Frederick Griffith (1928)

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14
Q

Characteristic of Smooth type strain

A
  • thick polysaccharide capsule
  • smooth mucoid colonies
  • pathogenic/ virulent
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15
Q

Characteristic of Rough type strain

A
  • no capsule
  • rough colonies
  • non-pathogenic/ avirulent
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16
Q

Possible explanation of Griffith’s experiment

A

Information from the heat-killed S type was transferred to the live R type

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17
Q

Scientist who conducted similar experiment of Griffith

A

M. H. Dawson (1930) and J. L. Alloway (1932)

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18
Q

Conclusion of Dawson and Alloway’s experiment

A

A transforming principle or agent is responsible

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19
Q

Blender Experiment

A

Henry and Chase

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20
Q

Radioactive portion on T2 phages

A

35Sulfur and 32Phosphorous

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21
Q

Friedrich Miescher

A

DNA is made of nucleotides

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22
Q

1 purine : 1 pyrimidine

A

Erwin Chargaff

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23
Q

Suggested that DNA is triple-stranded

A

Linus Paulin, Rollin Hotchkiss, and Ronald Fisher

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24
Q

what is the third strand he thought as DNA strand

A

Collagen

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25
Q

Provided xray diffraction photograph of crystalline DNA

A

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

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26
Q

Watson and Crick’s paper was published in ___

A

Nature (1953) about 900 words

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27
Q
  1. All cells replicate their DNA by ___ ___
A

templated polymerization

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28
Q

DNA is synthesized using a ___ formed by a preexisting DNA strand

A

template

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29
Q

The ___ ___ sequence in one strand is ___ to the other strand

A

nucleotide sequence; complementary

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30
Q

DNA synthesis occurs in a ___-___ manner

A

semi-conservative

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31
Q

Three Proposed Models for DNA Replication

A

Conservative, Semiconservative, Dispersive

32
Q

Experiment that proved the semiconservative manner

A

Meselson-Stahl experiment

33
Q
  1. ___ is a DNA fragment corresponding to one protein or RNA
A

Gene

34
Q

___ dictates the nature of proteins, when and where they are to be made

A

Genome

35
Q

Gene expression is a ___ process

A

Regulated

36
Q

___ ___ specify the transcripts and protein products

A

Coding sequence

37
Q

___-___ ___ serves as punctuations and ___ ___ that control the local rate of transcription

A

Non-coding regions; regulatory sequences

38
Q

Long non-coding RNA is _____ nt long with little to no protein-coding potential

A

~1,000-10,000

39
Q
  1. All cells ___ portions of their DNA into RNA
A

transcribe

40
Q

RNA is a ___-___ polynucleotide closely related to DNA

A

single-stranded

41
Q

Component of RNA:
- Sugar: ___
- Bases: ___

A

Ribose; A, G, C, U

42
Q

RNA molecule is ___ and can fold up into specific shapes

A

Flexible

43
Q

The shape of RNA may enable it to ___ and ___ ___ molecules, even catalyze some chemical changes

A

recognize; selectively bind

44
Q

Transcription is a form of ___ ___ that faithfully rewrites DNA to RNA

A

templated polymerization

45
Q

___ ___ serves as the template to produce RNA transcripts

A

Noncoding strand

46
Q

These transcripts function as ___ in the transfer of genetic information

A

intermediates

47
Q

It guides the synthesis of proteins

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

48
Q
  1. All Cells translate ___ into ___ in the same way
A

RNA; protein

49
Q

Protein are long, unbranched polymers of ___ ___

A

amino acids

50
Q

Function of proteins

A

put the cell’s genetic information into action

51
Q

DNA sequence specifies the ___ ___ sequence, which in turn determines the ___ of the protein product

A

amino acid; function

52
Q

It gives the protein a distinct chemical property

A

side chain

53
Q
  1. All cells use proteins as ___
A

catalysts

54
Q

___ ___ protein folds into a specific conformation forming reactive sites known as ___

A

Catalytic protein; enzyme

55
Q
  1. All cells ___ and ___ energy
A

acquire and utilize

56
Q

Theme 1

A
  1. DNA is the genetic information of all cells
  2. DNA is synthesized via templated polymerization
  3. Gene is a DNA segment corresponding to one protein or DNA
  4. All cells transcribe portions of their DNA into RNA
  5. All cells translate RNA into proteins in the same way
  6. All cells use proteins as catalysts
  7. All cells acquire and utilize free energy
57
Q

Organisms with different way of obtaining free energy

A
  • Organotrophic
  • Phototrophic
  • Lithotrophic
58
Q

Organisms that feeb on other living things or the organic chemicals they produce

A

Organotrophic

59
Q

Organisms that harvest sunlight and convert it intro chemical forms used by the cell

A

Phototrophic

60
Q

Organism that capture their energy from energy.-rich systems of inorganic chemicals in the environment

A

Lithotrophic

61
Q

All cells are enclosed in a ___ ___ across which nutrients and waste materials must pass

A

Plasma membrane

62
Q

Plasma membranes acts as a ___ barrier

A

selective

63
Q

membrane ____ proteins determines which molecules enter the cell

A

transport

64
Q

membrane ____ proteins determines which molecules enter the cell

A

transport

65
Q

___ molecules (phospholipid) aggregate spontaneously to form a bilayer in water

A

amphiphilic

66
Q

cells produce molecules with chemical properties that cause them to ____ into structures that a cell needs

A

self-assemble

67
Q

Cells are covered with ___ that interact with substances in the environment

A

receptors

68
Q

Cells respond to stimuli by altering their ___ ___

A

metabolic activities

69
Q

Cells us specific ___ ___ to regulate cellular responses to maintain homeostasis

A

feedback circuits

70
Q

___ ___ randomly modified the DNA sequence through various types of error during DNA replication

A

Intragenic mutation

71
Q

___ ___ creates pair of identical genes within a single cell

A

Gene duplication

72
Q

DNA ___ ___ occurs when two or more existing genes break and rejoin to make a hybrid gene

A

segment shuffling

73
Q

___ (intracellular) ___ introduce a piece of DNA from the genome of one cell to another

A

Horizontal transfer

74
Q

2 distinct kingdom of prokaryotic cells

A

Eubacteria and Archaea

75
Q
A

Cell and Mol (3 decks)

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