The Cell

Question 1

Define Cell Theory

Answer 1

• Living things consist of one cell or more
• Cells are the unit of structure and organisation in living things
• All cells must arise from pre-existing cells

Question 2

Describe the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

Question 3

Prokaryotic

Answer 3

no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, demonstrates primitive cellular processes

Question 4

Eukaryotic

Answer 4

has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Question 5

Describe the structure and function of the Plasma Membrane

Answer 5

outer casing of the shell that acts as a semipermeable barrier composed of a phospholipid bilayer

Present in all cells

function, provides structural support and regulates the import and export of substances through passive and active transport

Question 6

Describe function of the Nucleus

Answer 6

Largest organelle that contains all genetic material of the cell (DNA)

Present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, but nuclear material is encapsulated in prokaryotic cells

Function, responsible for the production of RNA for protein synthesis, regulating enzyme production for metabolism and plays a key role in the cell life cycle

Question 7

Describe function of the Vacuole

Answer 7

present in all cells, primarily plant cells

Function, - animal cells, small and a dumping ground for
waste
- plant cells, large sacs that primarily hold
water and provide support

Question 8

Describe function of the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 8

present in eukaryotic cells

Function, proteins made by the rough ER move through the Golgi and are packed into vesicles, which fuse with the cell membrane to either be incorporated or exported out of the cell

Question 9

Describe the structure and function of the Mitochondria

Answer 9

Structure, large surface area of folded membrane for reactions to take place on

present in eukaryotic cells

Function, produces energy (in the form of ATP) for the cell’s various active processes

Question 10

Describe the structure and function of the Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER)

Answer 10

Structure, a network of flat sacs enclosed in a membrane, composed of smooth ER and rough ER (- due to bumpy appearance caused by the ribosomes on its membrane)

present in eukaryotic cells

Function, - Smooth ER, lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
and specialised function in a specific tissue
-Rough ER, protein synthesis due to the work
of ribosomes in the translation of RNA to
proteins

Question 11

Describe the structure and function of the Lysosome

Answer 11

Structure, small packages full of enzymes that function in an acidic environment maintained within the lysosome

present in eukaryotic cells

Function, breakdown unwanted proteins within the cell

Question 12

Describe the structure and function of the Cytoskeleton

Answer 12

Structure, a protein fibre network made of microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments

present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

The function, movement of these allow the cell to change shape, divide, move and remain stable

Question 13

Describe the function and structure of the Centrosome

Answer 13

Made of Tublin

present in animal cells

Function, helps organise the cells for division (mitosis), allowing the shape changes required

Question 14

Describe the function of chloroplast

Answer 14

site of photosynthesis

present in plants and algae

Question 15

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 15

C6H12 + 6O2 —–> 6CO2 + 6H2O +ATP (energy)

Question 16

What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 16

gyyclosis
citric acic cycle
electron transport chain

Question 17

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 17

The process by which food is converted to energy, through a collection of metabolic reactions

Question 18

What is Glycolysis?

Answer 18

The breakdown of one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules

It is an anaerobic reaction occurring in the cell cytoplasm that results in a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

Question 19

What occurs before the citric acid cycle?

Answer 19

An intermediate process where pyruvate is converted into acetyl COA via aerobic reaction

Question 20

What is the Citric Acid Cycle?

Answer 20

An aerobic cycle that occurs in the mitochondria matrix

Also called the Kerb cycle and TCA cycle

Question 21

What products are consumed and produced from one cycle of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 21

CONSUMES - 2 water molecules

YIELDS - 1 moleucle of ATP (or GTP)
- 3 molecules of NADH
- 1 molecule of FADHz
- by-product of CO2

Question 22

What is the Electron transport chain?

Answer 22

The final stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 23

Where do all cells arise from?

Answer 23

a fertilised egg

Question 24

What is cell differentiation?

Answer 24

A process by which a cell changes its structure or function to become another type of cell

Induced by biochemical signals released by cells distant or nearby, that triggered a reaction within the cell changing the genes being expressed

Question 25

What is cell potency?

Answer 25

The cell’s ability to be able to differentiate into different cell types

Question 26

What are the four different levels of cell potency?

Answer 26

Totipotent - a stem cell that can divide until it creates a whole entire organism
Pluripotent - cells that can divide into all or most other cell types in an organism
Multipotent - cells can give rise to several cell types but are relatively restricted
Unipotent - fully differentiated cells that can only give rise to identical daughter cells