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Exam Bae > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is a semi permeable membrane

A

A membrane that is permeable to the small molecules of water and certain solutes, but does not allow the passage of large solute molecules

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2
Q

Which of the following organelles would NOT be found in a plant cell?

A

A food vacuole

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3
Q

Some cells take in large molecules through the process of:

A

Endocytosis

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4
Q

Which of the following cell parts is described as a “fluid mosaic”?

A

A cell membrane

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5
Q

A cell that is missing lysosomes would have difficulty doing what?

A

Digesting food

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6
Q

Which of the following is composed of a large and a small subunit?

A

Ribosome

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7
Q

The centriole is most like the:

A

Flagella

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8
Q

Which of the following structures has a 9 + 2 arrangement?

A

Flagella

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9
Q

Amino acid chains built by the ribosomes then move to the:

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

The lipid bilayer keeps the inside of the cell membrane:

A

Wet

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11
Q

Which of the following could be found in BOTH the nucleus and the cytoplasm

A

both RNA & ribosomes

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12
Q

Facilitated diffusion ____ require energy and uses the help of ______

A

does not, transport proteins

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13
Q

A semi permeable membrane is stretched across a chamber filled with water. The membrane is only permeable to water. 60 mg of salt is added to the left side of the chamber. Which of the following will happen?

A

water will move toward the left side

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14
Q

The phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is like a(n):

A

screen door

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15
Q

The door to your house is like the ___ of a cell membrane?

A

gated channel

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16
Q

What part of the cell is responsible for breaking down and digesting things?

A

Lysosomes

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17
Q

What part of the cell serves as the intracellular highway?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Which of the following would you NOT find in a bacterial cell?

A

Golgi apparatus

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19
Q

What part of the cell serves to process, package and export proteins?

A

Golgi apparatus

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20
Q

Where are ribosomes usually located in animal and plant cells?

A

on the endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

What part of the cell make proteins?

A

Ribosomes

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22
Q

The jellylike interior of the cell is called the:

A

cytoplasm

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23
Q

Which of the following is found in plant cells, but not animal cells?

A

A cell wall

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24
Q

Which of the following would you NOT find in a bacterial cell?

A

Golgi apparatus

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25
Q

This organelle functions in cellular respiration:

A

Mitochondrion

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26
Q

The organelle functions to package and deliver proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

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27
Q

Cell organelles are located within the ____ of the cell

A

Cytoplasm

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28
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum functions to:

A

transport materials

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29
Q

This organelle is responsible for destroying worn-out cell parts:

A

Lysosomes

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30
Q

Located within the nucleus, it is responsible for producing ribosomes:

A

Nucleolus

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31
Q

Which structure is directly responsible for the formation of proteins within the cell.

A

Ribosomes

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32
Q

This structure serves as the outer boundary of the eukaryotic cell?

A

The cell membrane

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33
Q

Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes do not have:

A

A membrane bound nucleus

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34
Q

What are the main components of cell theory?

A
  • All living things are made of cells
  • cells can only come from other cells
  • cells are the basic unit of life
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35
Q

Cyto means:

A

Cell

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36
Q

What are organelles?

A

A collective name for tiny structures that carry out cell functions

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37
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of passive transport

A

Endocytosis

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38
Q

What are 3 forms of passive transport?

A

Diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion

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39
Q

Chamber A contains 40% helium and Chamber B contains 20% helium. Chambers are connected by a tube the molecules are free to cross. Which of the following will occur?

A

Some helium will move from chamber A to chamber B

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40
Q

What will happen to an animal cell placed in a salt water solution?

A

The cell will shrink

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41
Q

An animal cell placed in a hypotonic (any external solution with a low solute concentration and high water concentration compared to the cell. Resulting in a net movement of water from the solution into the body) solution will:

A

Take on water

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42
Q

Active transport requires?

A

Energy.
Not: osmosis, a hypertonic solution or a concentration gradient. These are PASSIVE

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43
Q

What are types of active transport?

A

Sodium-potassium pump, Endocytosis, exocytosis

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44
Q

Which of the following occurs in both photosynthesis and respiration?

A

Chemiosmosis

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45
Q

Which of the following statements is false?

  • Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen
  • Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria
  • Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
  • Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate
A

Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria

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46
Q

Draw a cell in prophase; anaphase, metaphase and telophase.

A

The first phase of mitosis, during prophase the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus (known as chromatin) condenses. Now what about anaphase, metaphase and telophase?

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47
Q

During which phase fo chromosomes first become visible?

A

Prophase

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48
Q

Cytokinesis begins in which phase?

A

Telophase

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49
Q

The order of Mitosis

A

P M A T.

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50
Q

During what phase does DNA make a copy of itself?

A

Interphase

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51
Q

Each chromosome consists of 2 ________?

A

Chromatids

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52
Q

Most cells spend their lives in which phase?

A

Interphase

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53
Q

Which of the following can be determined from a karyotype?

  • the sex of the individual
  • whether the individual has Down Syndrome
  • The number of chromosomes present
  • all of these
A

All of these

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54
Q

A spindle forms during which phase?

A

Prophase

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55
Q

Are all these parts of a chromosome?

  • Chromatid
  • Centromere
  • Kinetochore
A

Yes

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56
Q

Is interphase a part of mitosis?

A

No

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57
Q

Describe anaphase with a drawing

A

:)

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58
Q

The process of mitosis ensures that?

A

Each new cell receives the proper number of chromosomes

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59
Q

Meiosis results in?

A

4 haploid daughter cells

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60
Q

Which of the following cells undergo meiosis?

A

Sperm cells and ova cells

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61
Q

Describe prophase 1 versus prophase 2

A
62
Q

Describe anaphase 1 vs anaphase 2

A
63
Q

Describe telophase 1 vs telophase 2

A
64
Q

Describe metaphase 1 vs metaphase 2

A
65
Q

Crossing over occurs during?

A

Prophase 1

66
Q

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces?

  • zygotes
  • chromosomes
  • dna
  • gametes
A

Gametes

67
Q

A cell with a diploid number of 24 undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell?

A

12

68
Q

A human being has _____ autosomes and ______ sex chromosomes

  • 23, 1
  • 22 pairs, 1 pair
  • 23, 23
  • 2, 2
A

22 pairs, 1 pair

69
Q

A section of chromosomes that codes for a trait can be called a(n):

  • nucleotide
  • base-pair
  • gene
  • nucleus
A

Gene

70
Q

Somatic cells of a human have ____ chromosomes and are called ____

  • 10, haploid
  • 92, diploid
  • 23, haploid
  • 46, diploid
A

46, diploid

71
Q

A person who received an extra chromosome could have?

A

Down syndrome

72
Q

Each chromosome consists of 2 identical?

A

Chromatids

73
Q

Two alleles for pea plant height are designated T (tall) and t (dwarf). These alleles are found on:

  • genes
  • sex chromosomes
  • ribosomes
  • homologous chromosomes
A

Homologous chromosomes

74
Q

An animal has 40 chromosomes in its gametes, how many chromosomes would you expect to find in this animal’s brain cells?

A

80

75
Q

A picture of a person’s chromosomes is called a(n):

A

Karyotype

76
Q

During which phase of mitosis is DNA replicated?

A

Interphase

77
Q

Who was credited with the first vaccine?

  • Edward Jenner
  • Jonas Salk
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Ignatz Semmelweis
A

Edward Jenner

78
Q

Ignatz Semmelweis contribution to medicine was:

  • the development of antibiotics
  • identification of the pathogen that caused childbed fever
  • to encourage hand washing in hospitals
  • developing a vaccine
A

To encourage hand washing within hospitals

79
Q

Pasteurization refers to a method designed to:

  • prevent illness in children
  • prevent spoilage of food
  • immunize against disease
  • identify a disease causing agent
A

Prevent spoilage of food

80
Q

In order to fully develop the Germ Theory, what historical idea had to be debunked?

  • creationism
  • midwife practices
  • lunar cycles
  • spontaneous generation
A

Spontaneous generation

81
Q

Accoring to his method of identifying a disease-causing agent, the pathogen must first be:

  • visible under a microcope
  • present in the environment
  • present in all hosts that have the disease
  • destroyed using heat
A

Present in all hosts that have the disease

82
Q

Which scientist developed a way to identify disease causing agents?

A

Koch

83
Q

Which observation lead to the smallpox vaccine?

A

Dairy maids did not normally get smallpox

84
Q

Diseases carried by animals are referred to as?

A

Zoonotic

85
Q

The ability of an organism to cause a disease is called?

A

Virulence

86
Q

An intermediate carrier for a disease is called a(n)?

  • pathogen
  • vector
  • parasite
  • viriod
A

Vector

87
Q

A virus consists of:

  • RNA or DNA and a cell membrane
  • RNA or DNA and a protein coat
  • RNA and DNA and a protein coat
  • proteins, cell membrane and RNA
A

RNA or DNA and a protein coat

88
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

  • They divide by mitosis
  • Sexually, by external fertilisation
  • Replication outside the host
  • Inserting DNA into the host cell
A

Inserting DNA into the host cell

89
Q

Which of the following is smallest?

  • eukaryote cell
  • bacteria
  • bacteriophage
  • cell membrane protein
A

Bacteriophage

90
Q

Retroviruses are different from viruses in that?

  • they have RNA instead of DNA
  • they can become dormant
  • they are symmetrical
  • all of these
A

They have RNA instead of DNA

91
Q

Vaccines can be used to prevent viral infection by:

  • creating an immune response in the host
  • destroying any viruses that enter the host
  • creating a blocking protein on the cell
  • preventing replication of the virus
A

Creating an immune response in the host

92
Q

Antiviral drugs that are used after infection often prevent?

  • cell division
  • immune system degradation
  • reinfection by other viruses
  • uptake of the virus
A

Uptake of the virus

93
Q

Why do some viruses seem to go away and then return later, like a cold sore?

  • host has been infected with a different strain
  • the immune system forgot the virus
  • the virus had entered the lysogenic cycle
  • the virus mutated
A

The virus has entered the lysogenic cycle

94
Q

Why is it difficult to develop vaccines for retroviruses?

A

RNA mutates more frequently than DNA

95
Q

Viruses are often named by:

  • where they were first discovered
  • the scientist who discovered it
  • the animal that carries it
  • all of these
A

All of these

96
Q

What happens after the virus has been taken up by the cell?

  • it begins making protein
  • it divides
  • it inserts into the host DNA
  • it switches to infectious mode
A

It inserts into the host DNA

97
Q

Which of the following must happen first in order for DNA replication to occur?

  • DNA polymerase binds to the leading strand
  • DNA is unwound
  • Hydrogen bonds form between bases
  • chromosomes condense
A

DNA is unwound

98
Q

Okazaki fragments form on the?

A

Lagging strand

99
Q

What enzyme(s) is/are required for DNA replication to occur?

A

DNA helicase, DNA ligiase and DNA polymerase

100
Q

A nucleotide consists of?

A

A nitrogen base, a sugar and a phosphate

101
Q

The element that transformed the bacteria in griffith’s experiments was?

A

DNA

102
Q

The Hershey-chase research showed that?

A

DNA was the molecule of heredity

103
Q

The rungs of the dna ladder are made out of?

A

Bases

104
Q

In order to transform to a virulent form of bacteria, non encapsulated bacteria must:

A

Be exposed to killed capsule bacteria

105
Q

A DNA strand has the following bases: A A G C C A. What are the bases on its complimentary strand?

A

T T C G G T

106
Q

In the Hershey Chase Experiment, DNA was labeled with ____, and bacteriophage protein was labeled with _____.

A

Radioactive phosphorous, radioactive sulfar

107
Q

What best describes the arrangement of the sides of the DNA molecule?

A

Antiparallel

108
Q

If a DNA molecule is found to be composed of 40% thymine, what percentage of guanine would be expected?

A

10%

109
Q

The enzymes that break hydrogen bonds and unwind DNA are:

A

Helicases

110
Q

DNA replication results in:

A

2 DNA molecules that each contain a strand of the original

111
Q

During replication, what enzyme adds complimentary bases?

A

Polymerase

112
Q

Transcription results in:

A

Messenger RNA

113
Q

How many different amino acids are used to assemble proteins in cells?

A

20

114
Q

A stretch of chromosome that codes for a trait can be called a(n):

A

Gene

115
Q

In RNA, N codon(s) translates to N amino acid(s).

A

1, 1

116
Q

Translation begins:

A

At the start codon

117
Q

A nucleotide consists of:

A

A phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base

118
Q

The sugar in RNA is a ___________; while the sugar in DNA is a ______________

A

Ribose, deoxyribose

119
Q

Which of the following is found on RNA but not DNA?

A

Uracil

120
Q

RNA is synthesized on a DNA template in a process called ______, which utilizes the enzyme _______

A

Transcription, RNA polymerase

121
Q

What enzyme is NOT a necessary component of translation?

A

Ligiasse

122
Q

Given the following DNA strand, which of the following is its complementary mRNA? G G A C T G A T T

A

C C U G A C U A A

123
Q

Amino acids are joined together into a protein chain by which of the following?

A

Transfer RNA

124
Q

Proteins contain ____ different amino acids, whereas DNA and RNA are composed of ___ different nucleotides

A

20, 4

125
Q

Once transcription has been completed, which of the following is NOT necessary for protein synthesis to occur?

A

DNA. (tRNA, ribosomes and mRNA are all involved in protein synthesis)

126
Q

Which site of the tRNA molecule binds to the mRNA molecule?

A

Anticodon

127
Q

Okazaki fragments occur on the ________ strand and are bonded together by?

A

Ligase and lagging strand

128
Q

How many different codons are possible?

A

64

129
Q

The diploid cells of an animal have 44 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in the animal’s sperm cells?

A

22

130
Q

Down syndrome occurs when an individual has:

A

Trisomy 21 (an extra chromosome 21)

131
Q

After examining a karyotype of an animal, a researcher counts 50 individual chromosomes of varying sizes. How many homologs are in the karyotype?

A

25

132
Q

Chromosomes are paired together based on their:

A

Size, banding pattern and centromere location

133
Q

Chromosomes line up on the equator during:

A

Metaphase

134
Q

The purpose of mitosis is to?

A

Create new cells

135
Q

What did Frederick Griffith discover?

A

That bacteria can transform

136
Q

The 5’ and 3’ numbers are related to the?

A

Carbon rings in sugar

137
Q

Okazaki fragments occur during:

A

Replication

138
Q

What is the long name for DNA?

A

DeoxyRIBOnucleic acid

139
Q

The process by which RNA is made from DNA?

A

Transcription

140
Q

Adenine always pairs with?

A

Thymine

141
Q

The DNA molecule is held together by:

A

Hydrogen bonds

142
Q

The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself is called:

A

Replication

143
Q

A gene is:

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein

144
Q

The sugar found in DNA is:

A

Deoxyribose

145
Q

Which of the following takes the genetic code to the cytoplasm?

A

mRNA

146
Q

The 3 nucleotide sequence on RNA is called a:

A

Codon

147
Q

Three nucleotides code for:

A

1 amino acid

148
Q

RNA differs from DNA in that:

A

It has a different kind of sugar, it is single stranded and it uses/has uracil

149
Q

The outside of the DNA ladder (the legs) is composed of alternating ___ and phosphates.

A

Sugars

150
Q

The process by which RNA is made from DNA is called:

A

Transcription

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