The Cell Flashcards
What is a semi permeable membrane
A membrane that is permeable to the small molecules of water and certain solutes, but does not allow the passage of large solute molecules
Which of the following organelles would NOT be found in a plant cell?
A food vacuole
Some cells take in large molecules through the process of:
Endocytosis
Which of the following cell parts is described as a “fluid mosaic”?
A cell membrane
A cell that is missing lysosomes would have difficulty doing what?
Digesting food
Which of the following is composed of a large and a small subunit?
Ribosome
The centriole is most like the:
Flagella
Which of the following structures has a 9 + 2 arrangement?
Flagella
Amino acid chains built by the ribosomes then move to the:
endoplasmic reticulum
The lipid bilayer keeps the inside of the cell membrane:
Wet
Which of the following could be found in BOTH the nucleus and the cytoplasm
both RNA & ribosomes
Facilitated diffusion ____ require energy and uses the help of ______
does not, transport proteins
A semi permeable membrane is stretched across a chamber filled with water. The membrane is only permeable to water. 60 mg of salt is added to the left side of the chamber. Which of the following will happen?
water will move toward the left side
The phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is like a(n):
screen door
The door to your house is like the ___ of a cell membrane?
gated channel
What part of the cell is responsible for breaking down and digesting things?
Lysosomes
What part of the cell serves as the intracellular highway?
endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following would you NOT find in a bacterial cell?
Golgi apparatus
What part of the cell serves to process, package and export proteins?
Golgi apparatus
Where are ribosomes usually located in animal and plant cells?
on the endoplasmic reticulum
What part of the cell make proteins?
Ribosomes
The jellylike interior of the cell is called the:
cytoplasm
Which of the following is found in plant cells, but not animal cells?
A cell wall
Which of the following would you NOT find in a bacterial cell?
Golgi apparatus
This organelle functions in cellular respiration:
Mitochondrion
The organelle functions to package and deliver proteins
Golgi apparatus
Cell organelles are located within the ____ of the cell
Cytoplasm
The endoplasmic reticulum functions to:
transport materials
This organelle is responsible for destroying worn-out cell parts:
Lysosomes
Located within the nucleus, it is responsible for producing ribosomes:
Nucleolus
Which structure is directly responsible for the formation of proteins within the cell.
Ribosomes
This structure serves as the outer boundary of the eukaryotic cell?
The cell membrane
Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes do not have:
A membrane bound nucleus
What are the main components of cell theory?
- All living things are made of cells
- cells can only come from other cells
- cells are the basic unit of life
Cyto means:
Cell
What are organelles?
A collective name for tiny structures that carry out cell functions
Which of the following is NOT a type of passive transport
Endocytosis
What are 3 forms of passive transport?
Diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion
Chamber A contains 40% helium and Chamber B contains 20% helium. Chambers are connected by a tube the molecules are free to cross. Which of the following will occur?
Some helium will move from chamber A to chamber B
What will happen to an animal cell placed in a salt water solution?
The cell will shrink
An animal cell placed in a hypotonic (any external solution with a low solute concentration and high water concentration compared to the cell. Resulting in a net movement of water from the solution into the body) solution will:
Take on water
Active transport requires?
Energy.
Not: osmosis, a hypertonic solution or a concentration gradient. These are PASSIVE
What are types of active transport?
Sodium-potassium pump, Endocytosis, exocytosis
Which of the following occurs in both photosynthesis and respiration?
Chemiosmosis
Which of the following statements is false?
- Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen
- Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria
- Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate
Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria
Draw a cell in prophase; anaphase, metaphase and telophase.
The first phase of mitosis, during prophase the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus (known as chromatin) condenses. Now what about anaphase, metaphase and telophase?
During which phase fo chromosomes first become visible?
Prophase
Cytokinesis begins in which phase?
Telophase
The order of Mitosis
P M A T.
During what phase does DNA make a copy of itself?
Interphase
Each chromosome consists of 2 ________?
Chromatids
Most cells spend their lives in which phase?
Interphase
Which of the following can be determined from a karyotype?
- the sex of the individual
- whether the individual has Down Syndrome
- The number of chromosomes present
- all of these
All of these
A spindle forms during which phase?
Prophase
Are all these parts of a chromosome?
- Chromatid
- Centromere
- Kinetochore
Yes
Is interphase a part of mitosis?
No
Describe anaphase with a drawing
:)
The process of mitosis ensures that?
Each new cell receives the proper number of chromosomes
Meiosis results in?
4 haploid daughter cells
Which of the following cells undergo meiosis?
Sperm cells and ova cells
Describe prophase 1 versus prophase 2
Describe anaphase 1 vs anaphase 2
Describe telophase 1 vs telophase 2
Describe metaphase 1 vs metaphase 2
Crossing over occurs during?
Prophase 1
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces?
- zygotes
- chromosomes
- dna
- gametes
Gametes
A cell with a diploid number of 24 undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell?
12
A human being has _____ autosomes and ______ sex chromosomes
- 23, 1
- 22 pairs, 1 pair
- 23, 23
- 2, 2
22 pairs, 1 pair
A section of chromosomes that codes for a trait can be called a(n):
- nucleotide
- base-pair
- gene
- nucleus
Gene
Somatic cells of a human have ____ chromosomes and are called ____
- 10, haploid
- 92, diploid
- 23, haploid
- 46, diploid
46, diploid
A person who received an extra chromosome could have?
Down syndrome
Each chromosome consists of 2 identical?
Chromatids
Two alleles for pea plant height are designated T (tall) and t (dwarf). These alleles are found on:
- genes
- sex chromosomes
- ribosomes
- homologous chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes
An animal has 40 chromosomes in its gametes, how many chromosomes would you expect to find in this animal’s brain cells?
80
A picture of a person’s chromosomes is called a(n):
Karyotype
During which phase of mitosis is DNA replicated?
Interphase
Who was credited with the first vaccine?
- Edward Jenner
- Jonas Salk
- Louis Pasteur
- Ignatz Semmelweis
Edward Jenner
Ignatz Semmelweis contribution to medicine was:
- the development of antibiotics
- identification of the pathogen that caused childbed fever
- to encourage hand washing in hospitals
- developing a vaccine
To encourage hand washing within hospitals
Pasteurization refers to a method designed to:
- prevent illness in children
- prevent spoilage of food
- immunize against disease
- identify a disease causing agent
Prevent spoilage of food
In order to fully develop the Germ Theory, what historical idea had to be debunked?
- creationism
- midwife practices
- lunar cycles
- spontaneous generation
Spontaneous generation
Accoring to his method of identifying a disease-causing agent, the pathogen must first be:
- visible under a microcope
- present in the environment
- present in all hosts that have the disease
- destroyed using heat
Present in all hosts that have the disease
Which scientist developed a way to identify disease causing agents?
Koch
Which observation lead to the smallpox vaccine?
Dairy maids did not normally get smallpox
Diseases carried by animals are referred to as?
Zoonotic
The ability of an organism to cause a disease is called?
Virulence
An intermediate carrier for a disease is called a(n)?
- pathogen
- vector
- parasite
- viriod
Vector
A virus consists of:
- RNA or DNA and a cell membrane
- RNA or DNA and a protein coat
- RNA and DNA and a protein coat
- proteins, cell membrane and RNA
RNA or DNA and a protein coat
How do viruses reproduce?
- They divide by mitosis
- Sexually, by external fertilisation
- Replication outside the host
- Inserting DNA into the host cell
Inserting DNA into the host cell
Which of the following is smallest?
- eukaryote cell
- bacteria
- bacteriophage
- cell membrane protein
Bacteriophage
Retroviruses are different from viruses in that?
- they have RNA instead of DNA
- they can become dormant
- they are symmetrical
- all of these
They have RNA instead of DNA
Vaccines can be used to prevent viral infection by:
- creating an immune response in the host
- destroying any viruses that enter the host
- creating a blocking protein on the cell
- preventing replication of the virus
Creating an immune response in the host
Antiviral drugs that are used after infection often prevent?
- cell division
- immune system degradation
- reinfection by other viruses
- uptake of the virus
Uptake of the virus
Why do some viruses seem to go away and then return later, like a cold sore?
- host has been infected with a different strain
- the immune system forgot the virus
- the virus had entered the lysogenic cycle
- the virus mutated
The virus has entered the lysogenic cycle
Why is it difficult to develop vaccines for retroviruses?
RNA mutates more frequently than DNA
Viruses are often named by:
- where they were first discovered
- the scientist who discovered it
- the animal that carries it
- all of these
All of these
What happens after the virus has been taken up by the cell?
- it begins making protein
- it divides
- it inserts into the host DNA
- it switches to infectious mode
It inserts into the host DNA
Which of the following must happen first in order for DNA replication to occur?
- DNA polymerase binds to the leading strand
- DNA is unwound
- Hydrogen bonds form between bases
- chromosomes condense
DNA is unwound
Okazaki fragments form on the?
Lagging strand
What enzyme(s) is/are required for DNA replication to occur?
DNA helicase, DNA ligiase and DNA polymerase
A nucleotide consists of?
A nitrogen base, a sugar and a phosphate
The element that transformed the bacteria in griffith’s experiments was?
DNA
The Hershey-chase research showed that?
DNA was the molecule of heredity
The rungs of the dna ladder are made out of?
Bases
In order to transform to a virulent form of bacteria, non encapsulated bacteria must:
Be exposed to killed capsule bacteria
A DNA strand has the following bases: A A G C C A. What are the bases on its complimentary strand?
T T C G G T
In the Hershey Chase Experiment, DNA was labeled with ____, and bacteriophage protein was labeled with _____.
Radioactive phosphorous, radioactive sulfar
What best describes the arrangement of the sides of the DNA molecule?
Antiparallel
If a DNA molecule is found to be composed of 40% thymine, what percentage of guanine would be expected?
10%
The enzymes that break hydrogen bonds and unwind DNA are:
Helicases
DNA replication results in:
2 DNA molecules that each contain a strand of the original
During replication, what enzyme adds complimentary bases?
Polymerase
Transcription results in:
Messenger RNA
How many different amino acids are used to assemble proteins in cells?
20
A stretch of chromosome that codes for a trait can be called a(n):
Gene
In RNA, N codon(s) translates to N amino acid(s).
1, 1
Translation begins:
At the start codon
A nucleotide consists of:
A phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base
The sugar in RNA is a ___________; while the sugar in DNA is a ______________
Ribose, deoxyribose
Which of the following is found on RNA but not DNA?
Uracil
RNA is synthesized on a DNA template in a process called ______, which utilizes the enzyme _______
Transcription, RNA polymerase
What enzyme is NOT a necessary component of translation?
Ligiasse
Given the following DNA strand, which of the following is its complementary mRNA? G G A C T G A T T
C C U G A C U A A
Amino acids are joined together into a protein chain by which of the following?
Transfer RNA
Proteins contain ____ different amino acids, whereas DNA and RNA are composed of ___ different nucleotides
20, 4
Once transcription has been completed, which of the following is NOT necessary for protein synthesis to occur?
DNA. (tRNA, ribosomes and mRNA are all involved in protein synthesis)
Which site of the tRNA molecule binds to the mRNA molecule?
Anticodon
Okazaki fragments occur on the ________ strand and are bonded together by?
Ligase and lagging strand
How many different codons are possible?
64
The diploid cells of an animal have 44 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in the animal’s sperm cells?
22
Down syndrome occurs when an individual has:
Trisomy 21 (an extra chromosome 21)
After examining a karyotype of an animal, a researcher counts 50 individual chromosomes of varying sizes. How many homologs are in the karyotype?
25
Chromosomes are paired together based on their:
Size, banding pattern and centromere location
Chromosomes line up on the equator during:
Metaphase
The purpose of mitosis is to?
Create new cells
What did Frederick Griffith discover?
That bacteria can transform
The 5’ and 3’ numbers are related to the?
Carbon rings in sugar
Okazaki fragments occur during:
Replication
What is the long name for DNA?
DeoxyRIBOnucleic acid
The process by which RNA is made from DNA?
Transcription
Adenine always pairs with?
Thymine
The DNA molecule is held together by:
Hydrogen bonds
The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself is called:
Replication
A gene is:
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein
The sugar found in DNA is:
Deoxyribose
Which of the following takes the genetic code to the cytoplasm?
mRNA
The 3 nucleotide sequence on RNA is called a:
Codon
Three nucleotides code for:
1 amino acid
RNA differs from DNA in that:
It has a different kind of sugar, it is single stranded and it uses/has uracil
The outside of the DNA ladder (the legs) is composed of alternating ___ and phosphates.
Sugars
The process by which RNA is made from DNA is called:
Transcription
