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Anatomy and Physiology > The cell > Flashcards

The cell Flashcards

1
Q

Define the cell”

A

structural units of all living things

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2
Q

How many cells in human body/

A

50 to 100 trillion

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3
Q

4 concepts of cell theory

A
  1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
  2. The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells.
  3. According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures (function is dependent on structure, and that the form of a structure relates to its function)
  4. Continuity of life has a cellular basis.
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4
Q

chemical components of cells

A
  1. carbon
  2. hydrogen
  3. oxygen
  4. nitrogen
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5
Q

Cells are about __% water

A

60

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6
Q

3 major region/ parts of a cell

A
  1. nucleus
  2. cytoplasm
  3. plasma membrane
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7
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

control center of the cell (contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA))

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8
Q

What is DNA needed for

A

building proteins and cell production

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9
Q

What is DNA needed for

A

building proteins and cell production

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10
Q

What are organelles?

A

specialized cellular compartments
many r membrane bound
compaertmentalization is critical for organelle’s ability to perform specialized function

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11
Q

Mitochondria function

A

powerhouse of cell
carry out reaction where oxygen is used to break down food
provides ATP for cellular energy

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12
Q

What does Mitochondria look like?

A

changes shape continuously

consists of a double membrane with cristae on the inner membrane

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13
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

made of protein and ribosomal RNA
sites of protein synthesis
found in cytoplasm and rough ER

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14
Q

What do ribosomes look like?

A

bi-lobed dark bodies

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15
Q

What is rough er?

A

studded with ribosomes
synthesizes proteins
transports vesicles more proteins within cells
abundant in cells that make and exports proteins

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16
Q

Smooth ER

A

functions in lipid metabolism

detoxification of drugs and pesticides

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17
Q

What IS endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Fluid-filled cisterns (tubules or canals) for carrying substances withing the cell

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18
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

modifies and packages proteins arriving from the Rough ER via vesicles
produces different types of packages

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19
Q

What type of packages does the golgo apparatus produce?

A

SECRETORY VESICLES
LYSOSOMES
IN HOUSE PROTEINS AND LUPIDS

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20
Q

What does the golgi apparatus look like?

A

appears as a stack of flattened membrane associated with tiny vesicles

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21
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

membranous bags packages by the golgi apparatus
cotains enzymes produced by ribosomes to digest wornout or nonusable cellstructuers
hosts phagocytes that can duspose of bacteria and cell debris

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22
Q

3 types of surface extensions

A

cilia
flagella
microvilli

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23
Q

what is cilia

A

move materials across the cell surface - respiratory system to move mucus

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24
Q

flagella

A

propels the cell - sperm (only flagellated in humans)

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25
Q

microvilli

A

tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane - increase surface area for absorption

26
Q

cell vary from _______ to over _________ (nerve cells)

A

1/12,000 of an inch to over 1 yard

27
Q

cells that connect body parts

A

fibro blasts - secretes cable-like fibers

erythrocyte (red blood cells) - carries oxygen in blood stream

28
Q

Cells that cover and line body organs

A

Epithelial cells - packs together in sheets and resists tearing during rubbing or pulling

29
Q

Cells that move organs and body parts

A

skeletal muscles and smooth muscle cells - contractile filaments allow cells to shorten forcefully

30
Q

Cells that store nutrients

A

fat cells - lipid droplets stored in cytoplasm

31
Q

cells that fight disease

A

macrophage - digests infectious microorganisms

32
Q

Celsl that gather info and control body functions

A

Neuron (nerve cells) - receives and transmits messages to other body structures

33
Q

Cells of reproduction

A

oocyte - largest cell in body, divides to become embryo upon fertilization
Sperm - built for swimming to egg for fertilization, flagellum acts a motile whip

34
Q

What does the plasma (cell) membrane do

A

seperates cell contents from surrounding environment

35
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model constructed of

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Proteins
  4. Sugars
36
Q

Arrangements of phospholipids in plasma membrane

A

hydrophiliac polar heads r oriented on the inner and outer surfaces of the mebrane &
hydrophobic nonpolar tails from the center (interior) of the membrane - makes plasma membrane impermeable to most water solubles

37
Q

3 roles/ types of proteins you would find in the plasma membrane

A
  1. enzymes
  2. receptors
  3. Transport as channels or carriers
38
Q

What are the 2 types of membrane transport?

A
  1. Passive processes - no energy (ATP) needed

2. Active processes - cells must provide ATP

39
Q

What is diffusion?

A

particles distribute themselves evenly using primarily kinetic energy )molecules move random) from high to low conentrations

40
Q

What affects the speed of diffusion

A

size and temp affect speed of diffusion (smaller and warmer = faster)

41
Q

Examples of diffusion

A

if you pout a cup of coffee and add sugar, even if you do not stir it the coffee will taste sweet

42
Q

What is simple diffusion

A

unassisted process

soultes are lipid-soluble or small enough to pass through membrane pores

43
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Simple water diffusion where highly polar water easily crosses the plasma mebrane with the concentration gradient

44
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Simple water diffusion where highly polar water easily crosses the plasma mebrane with the concentration gradient

45
Q

Isotonic solutions

A

same solute and water concentration within and outside of cells

46
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

contain more solute than cels so cells shrink (water goes out)

47
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

contains fewer solution (more water) than cells so cells will take in water (plump)

48
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

transports lipid-insoluble and large substances such as glucose through protein membrane channels or protein molecules that act as carriers

49
Q

What is filtration

A

water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure (pressure must exist) from high pressure to low pressure

50
Q

What is filtration critical for/

A

the kidney to function

51
Q

What is active processes?

A

requires protein carries to transport substances that r too large for membrane channels, r not lipid-soluble, o r are agaisn t the concentration gradients using ATP

52
Q

Solute pumping

A

energized by ATP to move amino acids, some sugars and ions through a protein carries called solute pump against conentration or electrical gradients

53
Q

What is an exampel of solute pumping?

A

3 sodium in transported out of the cell in exhcange for 2 potassium tranported into cell

54
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

the movement of substances without crossing the plasma membrane

55
Q

What are examples of vesicular transport?

A

exocytosis and endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)

56
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Moves materials out of the cell using a vesicle that migrates to the plasma mebrane before combining with it and emptying the material outside the cell

57
Q

What is the exoctoysis docking process

A

transmembrane proteins on the vesicles called v-SNARES binds with plasma membrane proteins called t-SNARES

58
Q

What is Phagocytosis

A

cell eating - separates substances from external environment using pseudopods before the cell engulfs large particles like bacteria or dead body cells as a protective mechanisms

59
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

cell drinking - the cell gulps droplet of extracellular fluid containing dissolves proteins or fats before fusing with the pit created by the plasma membrane and expelling it

60
Q

What cell is pinocytosis routine for

A

those involved in absorption (small intestine)

Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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