Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Define Anatomy
the scientific study of the body’s structures
Gross Anatomy
Study of the larger structures of the body without magnification
Another name for gross anatomy
macroscopic anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
study of strucutres that can be observed only with microscope or other forms of magnification
Define Physiology
scientific study of the chemistry and the physics of the structures of the body and how they work together
Structures (____________) determines function (_______________)
Anatomy, physiology
If Anatomy/Structure changes, the _____________ must change
function/physiology
If __________________ changes, the function/physiology must change
Anatomy/Structure
Order of level of organization
Atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms
8 NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
- Maintain boundaries
- Movement (locomotion and move substances)
- Responsiveness (ability to sense changes & react)
- Digestion (Breakdown & absorption of nutrients)
- Metabolism (chemical reactions within the body)
- Excretion (eliminates metabolic waste through urine or feces)
- Reproduction
- Growth
Survival Needs
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Stable body temp (37C/98F)
- Atmospheric pressure
Define Homeostasis
maintenace of a stable internal enviroment (dynamic state of equilibrium, necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life)
Define Homeostatic Imbalance
A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
examples of homeostatic imbalance
heart failure and diabetes
Negative feedback
most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the stimulus or reduces its intensity
positive feedback
increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther, reaction occurs at a faster rate
examples of positive feedback
blood clotting and giving birth to a baby
what is a stimulus?
produces the change in the variable (is the reason why the homeostasis is unbalanced)
what is a receptor?
the thing that detectsthe change
what is the integration center?
the thing that recieves the signal
what is the effector?
the response to the stimulus
what is an example of the homeostasis process?
Stimulus - high temp Receptor - nerves in skin and body integration - brain effector - sweaty and thirsty response - cool down
What is input in homeostasis cycle?
Information is sent along different pathway to the control center
WHAT IS OUTPUT IN THE HOMEOSTASIS CYCLE?
INFORMATION IS SENT ALONG THE EFFERENT PATHWAY TO THE EFFECTOR
What does afferent mean?
conducting or conducted inward or toward something
What does efferent mean?
conducted or conducting outward or away from something
Digestive system function
process food for use by body
removes waste from undigested food
cardiovascular system function
deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues
equalizes temp in the body
nervous system function
detects and processes sensory information
activates bodily responses
urinary system function
controls water balance in the body
removes wastes from blood and excretes them
respiratory system function
removes carbon dioxide from body
delivers oxygen to body
skeletal system function
supports the body
enables movement
muscular system function
enables movement with the skeletal system
Helps maintain body temperature
Endocrine system function
secretes hormones
regulates bodily processes
integumentary system function
encloses internal body strucutres
site of many sensory receptors
Respiratory system major organs
Nasal passage
trachea
lungs
skeletal system major organs
cartilage bones joint
muscular system major organs
skeletal muscles
tendon
endocrine system major organs
pituitary gland thyroid gland pancreas adrenal glands testes/ovaries
integumentary system major organs
hair
skin
nails
digestive system major organs
stomach liver gallbladder large intestine small intestine
cardiovascular systen
heart
blood vessels
nervous system major organs
brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves
urinary system major organs
kidney
urinary bladder
