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zEarly Modern > The Catholic Reformation > Flashcards

The Catholic Reformation Flashcards

1
Q

When and where was the term ‘counter-Reformation’ coined?

A

In the preface to the 1776 republishing of the Augsburg Confession of 1556.

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2
Q

What characterised the Catholic Reformation?

A

A reform both internally and externally of Catholicism, a goal of global universality.

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3
Q

What does describing the Catholic Reformation as ‘counter-Reformation’ imply?

A

That the changes were reactionary rather tam a continuation of an already developing movement.

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4
Q

How early on can we see allusions towards a Catholic reformation?

A

15th Century with the 1414-19 Council of Constance and 1450 establishing of Rome as the Papal seat

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5
Q

Under which Pope was Rome re-established to be the Papal seat?

A

Nicholas V

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6
Q

What two goals are expressed by early Catholic reforms of the 15th Century?

A
  1. Condemning heresy & great schisms.

2. Achievement of territorial ambitions

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7
Q

When were the 95 theses published?

A

1517

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8
Q

What was published in 1520?

A

‘On the Freedom of the Christian’- it rejected Papal authority.

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9
Q

When was the Diet of Worms? What was it?

A
  1. It was when Luther was exiled and subsequently kidnapped by his own conspirators.
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10
Q

What was published in 1522?

A

The German Bible, a Humanist reinterpretation of doctrine translated into multiple languages.

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11
Q

When was the German peasants war?

A

1525

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12
Q

What 1530 document outlines the Lutheran theology?

A

The Augsburg confession

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13
Q

When was the founding of the Jesuit missionaries?

A

1534

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14
Q

What Calvinist theological document was published in 1536?

A

Calvin’s ‘Institutes of the Christian Religion’

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15
Q

When was the Council of Trent first called?

A

1545, as a lot of first-generation Protestant reformers died.

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16
Q

Why argues that the Catholic reformation individualised the experience of religion?

A

Bossy

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17
Q

What did the Catholic Reformation force of Europeans?

A

Parochial conformity, communal aspects of religion were outlawed. This better controlled the changes in society.

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18
Q

What time period did the Council of Trent run for?

A

1545-63.

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19
Q

Who first convened the Council of Trent?

A

Pope Paul III

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20
Q

How many bishops were present in the 1545-47 Council of Trent?

A

30

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21
Q

How many bishops were present in the 1559-63 Council of Trent?

A

200

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22
Q

What was eradicated in the first calling of the Council of Trent (1545-1547)?

A

Absenteeism, Pluralism and the acknowledgement of own abuses.

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23
Q

What was kept by the Vatican in the first calling of the Council of Trent (1545-1547)?

A

Salvation via work, Latin bible, Stricter rules on bishops and acknowledgement of some Protestant grievances.

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24
Q

What was the focus of the second calling of the Council of Trent?

A

It focused on the defining Eucharist practises and doctrines.

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25
Q

How does the second Council of Trent stress the extent to which there was no chance of reconciliation?

A

Protestants were invited, but refused to attend

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26
Q

What was decided at the third convening of the Council of Trent?

A

Evaluation of Catholic doctrine in everyday life. Bishops’ authority is defined as deriving from the Pope not God.

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27
Q

What is significant about the Council of Trent’s third convening?

A

Participants were new-generation reformers, and there was Europe-wide participation.

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28
Q

What are the three most significant outcomes from the Council of Trent?

A

The creation of an index of banned books, the establishing of the Inquisition and the change in Monasticism.

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29
Q

How many authors were originally banned in the Index of Banned Books following the Council of Trent?

A

554, this was however reduced due to outrage.

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30
Q

What must be noted about the following of the Index of Banned Books?

A

Enforcement varied geographically, it was lax in places with printing presses like Germany and Poland.

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31
Q

When were there first examples of the Inquisition (or, at least, Inquisition-like practises)?

A

From the 1520s onwards.

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32
Q

Why was there an Index of Banned Books?

A

To control heretical expression in all spheres of intellectualism and every-day life.

33
Q

Why were inquisitions so powerful and volatile?

A

Because they were independent of their regional churches and thus higher in authority.

34
Q

What did the Inquisition act as?

A

A regulatory, albeit violently so, body for religious changes and social upheaval in the period.

35
Q

What did Protestantism mean for Monasticism?

A

The parochialism of Protestantism is that it is tied to the state, monasticism was a ‘more pious’ version of this.

36
Q

What was Luther’s opinion of Catholic practises such as chastity of nuns?

A

He saw at as pointless, there was no life worth living because then women would have no purpose.

37
Q

What did the Council of Trent vote in regards to nuns?

A

They voted for cloistered nunneries rather than open ones.

38
Q

What source can we look to in illustrating the significance of the Council of Trent in Catholic history?

A

Pasquale cati de la fresco of the Council of Trent 1588.

39
Q

What does the Pasquale cati de la fresco of the Council of Trent (1588) stress?

A

It is an allegorical statement of the symbolic value of the Council and its workings. Stressing the spiritual and institutional reform.

40
Q

What must be noted about theatre of Catholicism?

A

It is concept based as well as institutionally based.

41
Q

What occurred to the reverence of nuns by the 16th Century?

A

They were openly mocked in society.

42
Q

What was there an upsurge of following the Catholic reformation?

A

There was a growth in the number of saints, visionaries and mystics.

43
Q

Which two de facto Catholic ‘reformers’ can we look to to exemplify changes in the era?

A

St Theresa of Avila and Ignatius of Loyola.

44
Q

Briefly outline the life of St Theresa of Avila:

A

She ‘instructed’ new ideas in Catholic spirituality, and whilst inaccessible to the average woman, became the ideal Catholic woman.

45
Q

How many convents did St Theresa of Avila find?

A

17.

46
Q

Briefly outline the life go Ignatius of Loyola:

A

Paralysed in 1521, he wrote a devotional manual outlining new ideas of spirituality, pushing the idea of relationships with God unmediated by ritual.

47
Q

How many Jesuits were there when the order was first recognised. in 1540?

A

7.

48
Q

How many Jesuits were there by 1580?

A

5000.

49
Q

How many Jesuits were there by 1613?

A

20,000.

50
Q

What was the main goal of the Catholic Reformation?

A

To go from a European to global church, being the ‘one true religion’.

51
Q

Who spoke out against the Spanish conquest of the New World?

A

Dominican Friars.

52
Q

Where were there ‘bottom-up’ conversions to Catholicism?

A

China and Japan

53
Q

What was the only order allowed to convert people to Christianity for 100 years?

A

The Jesuits.

54
Q

What was Confessionalisation?

A

Confession-building was the Protestant parallel process to Catholicism which developed from the works of Luther, Calvin and Catholicism: despite being reactionary towards one-another. A parallel between society-religion where people adhered to one interpretation only.

55
Q

List five characteristics of Protestantism:

A
  1. iconoclasm, 2. humanism, 3. multiplicity, 4. simplicity, 5. accessibility.
56
Q

How can we characterise the Catholic Church during the counter-Reformation?

A

As a comprehensive institution forcing parochial conformity.

57
Q

Who suggested that in the medieval church there was essentially no parochial conformity?

A

J. Toussaert.

58
Q

What was the practical nature of the church in the 16th century?

A

The 16th century church began as a conglomerate of autonomous communities.

59
Q

Who was the first to institute full counter-Reformation characteristics?

A

Bishop Giberti was the first to manifest full counter-Reformation characteristics.

60
Q

How can we see that parochial conformity failed due to existing secular social practises?

A

Clichly, France (1671) Christophe Nicolas didn’t attend church for a year due to being at enmity with a member of the parish.

61
Q

What can we say about the actions following the legislation of the Catholic Reformation?

A

Rather than an imposition of Christian ethics on social behaviour, the counter-Reformation sought to impose uniformity on religious observance.

62
Q

What replaced kinship ties?

A

A matrimonial code of Catholicism.

63
Q

What is an example of the Tridentine matrimonial code?

A

Private marriages without priests were invalidated

64
Q

What was the name for legally-binding informal contracts in France that were destroyed by the Catholic-Reformation?

A

fiancailles- bound by gifts and the like. These had disappeared 1600-1700 entirely.

65
Q

How did Tridentine Catholicism alter Baptisms?

A

Baptisms were to be held in 3 days to prevent large gatherings of kin. Godparents were allowed but limited in number.

66
Q

How can we describe fraternities in the context of the Catholic Reformation?

A

Fraterneties came to be seen as artificial kinship institutions that offered an alternative to official church hierarchies.

67
Q

What is a source for the Catholic-Reformation’s eradication of fraternities?

A

1668 Michael Colbert

68
Q

What did Michael Colbert say in 1668 regarding fraternities?

A

’ [men are] parishioners first, and confreres afterwards’.

69
Q

Whose works set the precedent for curbing the significance of confraternities and fraternities during the Catholic-Reformation?

A

Archbishop Borremeo of Milan.

70
Q

What was eradicated due to its indistinct role in sacremental practises?

A

Feasts.

71
Q

What did the creation of modern Catholicism depend upon?

A

The creation of modern Catholicism depended upon the eradication of popular participation.

72
Q

What was a common failure of the Catholic-Reformation according to J. Bossy?

A

The move from collective to individual participation.

73
Q

Regarding confessions, what did the Catholic Church have to make do with?

A

Quantity rather than quality of confessions. Absolution was often withheld due to improper penance.

74
Q

Who said that church habits were little more than ‘sheep-like conformism’?

A

Le Bras.

75
Q

When were all French dioceses imposing catechism?

A

By 1650.

76
Q

What does J. Bossy argue is responsible for Catholic incompatibility with education?

A

The sociological weakness of Tridentine Catholicism.

77
Q

What is there no reference to in the decrees of the Council of Trent?

A

The familia.

78
Q

What can be said about the effect of parochialism on various social echelons?

A

It was an inconvenience to upper-class families, but for working families it proved difficult to conform to.

zEarly Modern (5 decks)

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