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The Catholic Reformation Flashcards

1
Q

When and where was the term ‘counter-Reformation’ coined?

A

In the preface to the 1776 republishing of the Augsburg Confession of 1556.

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2
Q

What characterised the Catholic Reformation?

A

A reform both internally and externally of Catholicism, a goal of global universality.

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3
Q

What does describing the Catholic Reformation as ‘counter-Reformation’ imply?

A

That the changes were reactionary rather tam a continuation of an already developing movement.

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4
Q

How early on can we see allusions towards a Catholic reformation?

A

15th Century with the 1414-19 Council of Constance and 1450 establishing of Rome as the Papal seat

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5
Q

Under which Pope was Rome re-established to be the Papal seat?

A

Nicholas V

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6
Q

What two goals are expressed by early Catholic reforms of the 15th Century?

A
  1. Condemning heresy & great schisms.

2. Achievement of territorial ambitions

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7
Q

When were the 95 theses published?

A

1517

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8
Q

What was published in 1520?

A

‘On the Freedom of the Christian’- it rejected Papal authority.

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9
Q

When was the Diet of Worms? What was it?

A
  1. It was when Luther was exiled and subsequently kidnapped by his own conspirators.
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10
Q

What was published in 1522?

A

The German Bible, a Humanist reinterpretation of doctrine translated into multiple languages.

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11
Q

When was the German peasants war?

A

1525

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12
Q

What 1530 document outlines the Lutheran theology?

A

The Augsburg confession

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13
Q

When was the founding of the Jesuit missionaries?

A

1534

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14
Q

What Calvinist theological document was published in 1536?

A

Calvin’s ‘Institutes of the Christian Religion’

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15
Q

When was the Council of Trent first called?

A

1545, as a lot of first-generation Protestant reformers died.

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16
Q

Why argues that the Catholic reformation individualised the experience of religion?

A

Bossy

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17
Q

What did the Catholic Reformation force of Europeans?

A

Parochial conformity, communal aspects of religion were outlawed. This better controlled the changes in society.

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18
Q

What time period did the Council of Trent run for?

A

1545-63.

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19
Q

Who first convened the Council of Trent?

A

Pope Paul III

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20
Q

How many bishops were present in the 1545-47 Council of Trent?

A

30

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21
Q

How many bishops were present in the 1559-63 Council of Trent?

A

200

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22
Q

What was eradicated in the first calling of the Council of Trent (1545-1547)?

A

Absenteeism, Pluralism and the acknowledgement of own abuses.

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23
Q

What was kept by the Vatican in the first calling of the Council of Trent (1545-1547)?

A

Salvation via work, Latin bible, Stricter rules on bishops and acknowledgement of some Protestant grievances.

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24
Q

What was the focus of the second calling of the Council of Trent?

A

It focused on the defining Eucharist practises and doctrines.

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25
How does the second Council of Trent stress the extent to which there was no chance of reconciliation?
Protestants were invited, but refused to attend
26
What was decided at the third convening of the Council of Trent?
Evaluation of Catholic doctrine in everyday life. Bishops' authority is defined as deriving from the Pope not God.
27
What is significant about the Council of Trent's third convening?
Participants were new-generation reformers, and there was Europe-wide participation.
28
What are the three most significant outcomes from the Council of Trent?
The creation of an index of banned books, the establishing of the Inquisition and the change in Monasticism.
29
How many authors were originally banned in the Index of Banned Books following the Council of Trent?
554, this was however reduced due to outrage.
30
What must be noted about the following of the Index of Banned Books?
Enforcement varied geographically, it was lax in places with printing presses like Germany and Poland.
31
When were there first examples of the Inquisition (or, at least, Inquisition-like practises)?
From the 1520s onwards.
32
Why was there an Index of Banned Books?
To control heretical expression in all spheres of intellectualism and every-day life.
33
Why were inquisitions so powerful and volatile?
Because they were independent of their regional churches and thus higher in authority.
34
What did the Inquisition act as?
A regulatory, albeit violently so, body for religious changes and social upheaval in the period.
35
What did Protestantism mean for Monasticism?
The parochialism of Protestantism is that it is tied to the state, monasticism was a 'more pious' version of this.
36
What was Luther's opinion of Catholic practises such as chastity of nuns?
He saw at as pointless, there was no life worth living because then women would have no purpose.
37
What did the Council of Trent vote in regards to nuns?
They voted for cloistered nunneries rather than open ones.
38
What source can we look to in illustrating the significance of the Council of Trent in Catholic history?
Pasquale cati de la fresco of the Council of Trent 1588.
39
What does the Pasquale cati de la fresco of the Council of Trent (1588) stress?
It is an allegorical statement of the symbolic value of the Council and its workings. Stressing the spiritual and institutional reform.
40
What must be noted about theatre of Catholicism?
It is concept based as well as institutionally based.
41
What occurred to the reverence of nuns by the 16th Century?
They were openly mocked in society.
42
What was there an upsurge of following the Catholic reformation?
There was a growth in the number of saints, visionaries and mystics.
43
Which two de facto Catholic 'reformers' can we look to to exemplify changes in the era?
St Theresa of Avila and Ignatius of Loyola.
44
Briefly outline the life of St Theresa of Avila:
She 'instructed' new ideas in Catholic spirituality, and whilst inaccessible to the average woman, became the ideal Catholic woman.
45
How many convents did St Theresa of Avila find?
17.
46
Briefly outline the life go Ignatius of Loyola:
Paralysed in 1521, he wrote a devotional manual outlining new ideas of spirituality, pushing the idea of relationships with God unmediated by ritual.
47
How many Jesuits were there when the order was first recognised. in 1540?
7.
48
How many Jesuits were there by 1580?
5000.
49
How many Jesuits were there by 1613?
20,000.
50
What was the main goal of the Catholic Reformation?
To go from a European to global church, being the 'one true religion'.
51
Who spoke out against the Spanish conquest of the New World?
Dominican Friars.
52
Where were there 'bottom-up' conversions to Catholicism?
China and Japan
53
What was the only order allowed to convert people to Christianity for 100 years?
The Jesuits.
54
What was Confessionalisation?
Confession-building was the Protestant parallel process to Catholicism which developed from the works of Luther, Calvin and Catholicism: despite being reactionary towards one-another. A parallel between society-religion where people adhered to one interpretation only.
55
List five characteristics of Protestantism:
1. iconoclasm, 2. humanism, 3. multiplicity, 4. simplicity, 5. accessibility.
56
How can we characterise the Catholic Church during the counter-Reformation?
As a comprehensive institution forcing parochial conformity.
57
Who suggested that in the medieval church there was essentially no parochial conformity?
J. Toussaert.
58
What was the practical nature of the church in the 16th century?
The 16th century church began as a conglomerate of autonomous communities.
59
Who was the first to institute full counter-Reformation characteristics?
Bishop Giberti was the first to manifest full counter-Reformation characteristics.
60
How can we see that parochial conformity failed due to existing secular social practises?
Clichly, France (1671) Christophe Nicolas didn't attend church for a year due to being at enmity with a member of the parish.
61
What can we say about the actions following the legislation of the Catholic Reformation?
Rather than an imposition of Christian ethics on social behaviour, the counter-Reformation sought to impose uniformity on religious observance.
62
What replaced kinship ties?
A matrimonial code of Catholicism.
63
What is an example of the Tridentine matrimonial code?
Private marriages without priests were invalidated
64
What was the name for legally-binding informal contracts in France that were destroyed by the Catholic-Reformation?
fiancailles- bound by gifts and the like. These had disappeared 1600-1700 entirely.
65
How did Tridentine Catholicism alter Baptisms?
Baptisms were to be held in 3 days to prevent large gatherings of kin. Godparents were allowed but limited in number.
66
How can we describe fraternities in the context of the Catholic Reformation?
Fraterneties came to be seen as artificial kinship institutions that offered an alternative to official church hierarchies.
67
What is a source for the Catholic-Reformation's eradication of fraternities?
1668 Michael Colbert
68
What did Michael Colbert say in 1668 regarding fraternities?
' [men are] parishioners first, and confreres afterwards'.
69
Whose works set the precedent for curbing the significance of confraternities and fraternities during the Catholic-Reformation?
Archbishop Borremeo of Milan.
70
What was eradicated due to its indistinct role in sacremental practises?
Feasts.
71
What did the creation of modern Catholicism depend upon?
The creation of modern Catholicism depended upon the eradication of popular participation.
72
What was a common failure of the Catholic-Reformation according to J. Bossy?
The move from collective to individual participation.
73
Regarding confessions, what did the Catholic Church have to make do with?
Quantity rather than quality of confessions. Absolution was often withheld due to improper penance.
74
Who said that church habits were little more than 'sheep-like conformism'?
Le Bras.
75
When were all French dioceses imposing catechism?
By 1650.
76
What does J. Bossy argue is responsible for Catholic incompatibility with education?
The sociological weakness of Tridentine Catholicism.
77
What is there no reference to in the decrees of the Council of Trent?
The familia.
78
What can be said about the effect of parochialism on various social echelons?
It was an inconvenience to upper-class families, but for working families it proved difficult to conform to.

zEarly Modern (5 decks)

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