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zEarly Modern > Religious Conflict > Flashcards

Religious Conflict Flashcards

1
Q

What two case studies can be referred to in regards to religious conflict?

A

The French Wars of Religion and the Dutch Revolt.

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2
Q

What are the two characteristics of early modern warfare?

A

That they are wars of exhaustion, and that toleration is perceived by all players as the ‘losers creed’.

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3
Q

Briefly outline Calvinism:

A

Often left out of inclusive legislation, could worship without state support and at home. They believed in predestination, and saw their persecution as evidence of this.

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4
Q

What is predestination?

A

The idea that God has already decided whether someone is to go to heaven or hell, moral people act appropriately and thus show they are to go to heaven.

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5
Q

What restricted the success of Lutherism?

A

Lutherism was regionally bound.

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6
Q

When was the affair of the Placards (France)?

A

1534.

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7
Q

What was the affair of the Placards (France)?

A

Protesters against Mass distributed posters in Paris and four large provincial towns. It was perceived as an attack against the king and stoked polarisation in France.

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8
Q

How did Calvinism grow in France 1540-60?

A

Through underground churches and the printing of Calvinist texts in French.

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9
Q

When was the first Calvinist synod?

A

1558.

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10
Q

How many Calvinist churches were founded 1560-70?

A

1400.

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11
Q

How many Huguenots were there in 1562, what percentage of the overall population was this?

A

There were 2 million, 10% of the overall population.

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12
Q

When did factional rivalry develop?

A

In 1559 after Henry II died jousting, Francis II becomes king at aged 15.

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13
Q

What three factions developed?

A

The Catholic League (de Guise- Francis, Duke of Guise) // Mediatory (Valois, Catherine de Medici) // Protestant (Bourbon- Louis, Prince of Conde).

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14
Q

What was the Conspiracy of Amboise? The outcome?

A

A 1560 plot to kidnap the king. Louis of Conde was arrested, but set free: ‘supported by Calvin’.

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15
Q

At what age did Charles IX accede to the throne following Francis II’s untimely death?

A

At aged 9.

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16
Q

What did the death of Francis II mean?

A

A growth in prominence for Catherine de Medici in the regency monarchy, and a severed connection for the Duke of Guise, whose niece was Mary Queen of Scots.

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17
Q

When was the Colloquy of Poissy?

A

1561.

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18
Q

What was the Colloquy of Poissy?

A

A meeting between Protestants and Catholics organised by Catherine. There were theological similarities but practical disparities.

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19
Q

What followed on from the Colloquy of Poissy?

A

the 1562 Edict of Toleration, which led to the Massacre of Vassy (catholic reaction, 1 March) 63 killed, 100 wounded Huguenots.

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20
Q

How many outbreaks were there in the French Wars of Religion between 1562-1598?

A

7.

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21
Q

When was St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?

A

August 1572.

22
Q

What was St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?

A

A reaction to Maugriette, the Valois princess, marrying Henry of Navarre (Protestant). It was a ‘cleansing’ of Protestant heresy- 10,000-70,000 died across France. Perceived as a plot by Protestants.

23
Q

What was significant about August 1589?

A

Henri of Navarre became King, Henri IV, he converted.

24
Q

What did Henri IV claim?

A

‘Paris is worth the Mass’

25
Q

What was the revolutionary legislation passed following Henri IV’s succession?

A

The 1598 Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots liberties and civil rights. Local flare-ups often occurred due to people not following the Edict.

26
Q

Outline the background to the Dutch Revolt:

A

Charles V ruled by proxy, in 1558 Philip II succeeded to the throne with no ties to the Netherlands, he was seen as an outsider, a Spaniard.

27
Q

When was the growth of Calvinism in the Dutch provinces?

A

1520s-1550s.

28
Q

What was the 1550 Edict of Blood?

A

An edict passed by Charles V in which any found Protestant would be executed.

29
Q

When was there a reduction of Edict of Blood sanctioned executions?

A

1560.

30
Q

When was there a practise of iconoclasm in the Dutch provinces?

A

1566.

31
Q

When did the Duke of Alba arrive in the Dutch provinces?

A

1567.

32
Q

How many converts were there by 1570 in the Dutch provinces?

A

70,000.

33
Q

When was the Union of Utrecht? What was it?

A

1579, united the Northern provinces against Spain.

34
Q

When was the Dutch Republic established?

A

1581.

35
Q

When was the conflict between Spain and the Netherlands truly resolved?

A

1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia’s Peace of Munster.

36
Q

What can be said about the socio-economic nature of religious riots?

A

They were only linked to socio-economics in more rural areas of France

37
Q

The 16th Century perception of crowds is one of chaos, yet religious riots were organised- who stresses this?

A

G. Rúde

38
Q

What was the term Huguenot derived from?

A

‘King Huget’- a name meaning souls who rejected purgatory and returned to haunt the living instead

39
Q

What did both sides of the French Wars of Religion perceive themselves to be doing?

A

Ridding their society of pollution

40
Q

How did religious rioters in France legitimise their violence?

A

By likening it to purification, using biblical means of punishment such as water and fire

41
Q

What was the largest contention between Catholics and Protestants in religious and civil conflict?

A

ritual rights were in contention, small acts such as Mass, but it was always more violent at times of great religiosity e.g. Corpus Christi

42
Q

What is a source which outlines the layman’s right to act for their religion?

A

‘The Civil and Military defence of the Innocents and the Church of Christ’

43
Q

What can be said about both Protestant and Catholic iconoclasm?

A

Catholics burned Protestant texts, but Protestants (aside from the fact there were more icons in Catholicism) were generally more iconoclastic.

44
Q

Why was there such a high rate of religious rioting in France?

A

There was such a high amount of religious rioting in France as people act when they believe they are compensating for the lack of clerical or magisterial roles.

45
Q

What is a piece of evidence which depicts the role of Catherine de Medici, the Queen Mother, in the French Wars of Religion?

A

Blois, 1562, ‘don’t touch him! He belongs to the Queen Mother!’

46
Q

How can we see that the rise in grain prices actually had a very limited role in religious violence?

A

Toulouse, 1562 had the lowest grain prices for 2 years yet still rioted.

47
Q

How can we see the role of burghers in the French Wars of Religion?

A

1572 riots in Orleans, out of 20 leaders: 3 lawyers, 8 merchants, 9 artisans.

48
Q

Demographically, who participated heavily in the St. Bartholomew’s day massacre?

A

Adolescents and city women

49
Q

Why was the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre particularly significant?

A

Due to it receiving more political sanctioning than other rioting events.

50
Q

What should be noted about the the extensive pillaging of the French Wars of Religion?

A

Extensive pillaging does not fit in the in lieu of clerical/magisterial action, yet it doesn’t negate it either as long as rioters maintain a religious commitment.

51
Q

Who claims that ‘conflict is perennial in social life’?

A

N. Davis.

zEarly Modern (5 decks)

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