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CELL BIO EXAM 4 > The Cardiovascular System: Transport And Supply > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System: Transport And Supply Flashcards

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1
Q

The cardiovascular system transports ?

A

Nutrients and oxygen to the cells

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2
Q

The cardiovascular transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells in your body while the _______ are removed?

A

Carbon dioxide and waste products of cells metabolism

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3
Q

What are the major components of the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart, blood, and a network of blood vessels

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4
Q

Circulation is the?

A

Movement of blood to and from the heart

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5
Q

Circulation can be divided into which two systems?

A

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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6
Q

In the pulmonary circulation blood moves from?

A

Heart to lungs and back

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7
Q

In the systemic circulation movement of blood is from?

A

The heart to body tissues and back

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8
Q

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, branches into smaller vessels called?

A

Arterioles, which become capillaries

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9
Q

Capillaries become ___?

A

Venules, that enlarge and become veins

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10
Q

Veins differ from arteries because they?

A

Carry blood toward the heart, half valves, and have thinner walls

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11
Q

The right side of the heart does what?

A

Collects blood from the body and sends it to the lungs

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12
Q

The left side of the heart collects what?

A

Blood from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body

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13
Q

The heart is surrounded by a ?

A

Tough membrane, the fibrous pericardium

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14
Q

The outer layer of the heart wall is the ?

A

Epicardium also called visceral pericardium

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15
Q

The middle layer of the heart wall is called?

A

Myocardium, and is made of cardiac muscle

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16
Q

The inside of the heart is lined by?

A

Epithelium called endocardium

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17
Q

The heart has four chambers that are upper and lower?

A

The small upper chambers are the atria
The large lower chamber are the ventricles

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18
Q

The chambers of the right side of the heart are separated from the left side of the heart so that?

A

There is no mixing of blood from one side to the other.

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19
Q

The wall between the ventricles are called the?

A

Interventricular septum

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20
Q

The atrial walls are?

A

Thinner than the ventricular walls

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21
Q

Higher pressures are generated in?

A

The ventricles to move blood

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22
Q

The walls of the left ventricle are thicker than the walls of the right ventricles because the?

A

Right ventricles only pumps blood to the lungs , while the left ventricle must pump blood throughout the entire body

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23
Q

Superior vena cava brings blood from the?

A

Head, neck, chest, and upper extremities

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24
Q

Inferior vena cava brings blood from the ?

A

Trunk, organs, abdomen, pelvic region, and lower extremities

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25
Q

Superior and inferior vena cava bring?

A

Blood to the right atrium

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26
Q

pulmonary veins brings blood?

A

Back the left atrium

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27
Q

The pulmonary trunk carries blood from?

A

The right ventricle to the lungs

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28
Q

The aorta carries blood from the ?

A

Left ventricle to the body

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29
Q

To keep blood flowing in the correct direction through the heart, there are two set of valves called?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

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30
Q

On the right side is the tricuspid (right AV) valve because ?

A

The valve is formed with three cusps or folds

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31
Q

The valve on the left is the?

A

Bicuspid (left AV), or mitral valve

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32
Q

Between the ventricles and the large arteries that carry blood away from the heart is called?

A

Semilunar valves

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33
Q

The pulmonary semilunar valve is on what side?

A

The right

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34
Q

The aortic semilunar valve is on what side?

A

The left

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35
Q

The cardiac cycle can be divided into two phases called?

A

Systole and diastole

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36
Q

In the cardiac cycle what does the systole phase do?

A

Is a contraction of a chamber; the chamber is pumping blood out of the chamber

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37
Q

In the cardiac cycle what does the diastole phase do?

A

It relaxes; the chamber is filling with blood

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38
Q

When the right ventricle is full of blood, the ventricles contract because?

A

The tricuspid valve is a one-way valve, as the right ventricular pressure increases, the valves shuts so blood doesn’t squirt back into the right atrium

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39
Q

When the left ventricle is full, the ventricle contracts (squeezes)

A

The ventricular pressure increases, forcing the mitral valve shut and ejecting the blood out of the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve to the ascending aorta, send it on its way throughout the body

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40
Q

The coronary arteries continually divide into smaller branches forming a web of interconnections that?

A

Consistently supply the heart muscle with a rich supply of blood

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41
Q

The right coronary artery provides ?

A

Blood for most of the right side of the heart

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42
Q

The left coronary artery provides?

A

Blood to the left side of the heart

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43
Q

The cardiac muscle is autorhythmic , meaning it can?

A

Contract without nerve impulses or hormones from the brain/endocrine system.

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44
Q

Nodal cells, or pacemaker cells, are?

A

Specialized cells that create an electrical impulse at a regular interval

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45
Q

Nodal cells are divided into two groups which are?

A

Sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node

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46
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node is located in the wall of the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava; generates an?

A

Electrical impulse at approximately 70-80 impulses per minute

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47
Q

The atrioventricular (AV) node is located in the inferior wall of the right atrium; the cells in the AV node generate an?

A

Electrical impulse at a rate of 40-60 beats per minute

48
Q

The SA node sends its impulse to the AV node before the?

A

AV node can send a signal because the AV node serves as a back-up if the SA node fails

49
Q

Purkinje fibers carry the impulse to the?

A

Ventricles, causing them to contract

50
Q

The ECG has a distinct wave called “P wave” that represents a specific heart action?

A

Corresponds to contraction of the atria (atrial repolarization)

51
Q

The ECG has a distinct wave called “QRS complex” the represents a specific heart action?

A

Correlates to ventricles contractions (ventricular depolarization)

52
Q

The ECG has a distinct wave called “ T wave” that represents a specific heart action?

A

Represents preparation for next series of complexes (ventricular repolarization)

53
Q

There are set ranges for height, depth, and length of each of the waves and changes or additions to these parameters called?

A

Cardiac arrhythmias

54
Q

What are the three functions of blood?

A

Transportation, regulation, and protection

55
Q

Blood transport _____ to approximately 100 trillion cells in the body?

A

Oxygen from the lungs , nutrients from the digestive system, and hormones from the endocrine glands.

56
Q

On the return trip of blood transportation, blood carries?

A

Carbon dioxide and other waste products tot he kidneys, lungs, and other organs for removal.

57
Q

Blood helps to regulate a variety of levels in the body to help maintain homeostasis by ensuring that?

A

pH and electrolyte values are within normal parameters for proper cell functioning

58
Q

Blood helps to regulate body temperature by?

A

Absorbing heat generated by skeletal muscles, spreading throughout the body or releasing heat through the skin.

59
Q

Blood can take in or give up more?

A

Fluid to help regulate fluid balance of the body

60
Q

Blood helps to protect us from?

A

Invasion and infection by pathogens and toxins

61
Q

Specialized white blood cells and special proteins called?

A

Antibodies function to prevent infections

62
Q

What is the major component of blood?

A

Plasma and formed elements (cells)

63
Q

Plasma is the yellowish, clear liquid that?

A

Comprises about 55% of the bloods volume

64
Q

Plasma is 90% water. The other 10% contains?

A

Nutrients, salt, oxygen, hormones and other regulatory substances

65
Q

Plasma proteins are an important group of dissolved substances that include albumin, which?

A

Aid in keeping the correct amount of water in the blood

66
Q

Fibrinogen is a substance needed for?

A

Blood clotting

67
Q

Globulins is a substance used for?

A

Protection from infection

68
Q

A rough surface on a smooth blood vessel allows platelets to begin “sticking”, forming a clot called?

A

A thrombus

69
Q

A thrombus in a coronary artery can partially or totally ?

A

Block blood flow to a portion of the heart, causing a heart attack

70
Q

A cerebral embolism would cause a ?

A

Stroke

71
Q

A pulmonary embolism would affect?

A

Oxygenation

72
Q

Slow blood flow can cause unwanted clot formation such as in?

A

Bedridden people or those sitting for long periods on a plane or bus

73
Q

Women who smoke and use oral contraceptives, as well as people on certain types of chemotherapy, are ?

A

At a risk of clot formation

74
Q

Aspirin, heparin, or Coumadin can be taken to?

A

Decrease the risk of clot formation

75
Q

Red blood cells (RBCs) are also called?

A

Erythrocytes

76
Q

White blood cells (WBCs) are also called?

A

Leukocytes

77
Q

Red blood cells are related by the red bone marrow through a process called?

A

Hemopoiesis and lack a nucleus, so they can’t reproduce themselves and only live 120 days

78
Q

Red blood cells perform two crucial functions?

A

-With the aid of hemoglobin, RBCs transport oxygen
-RBCs transport carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs for removal

79
Q

Leukocytes are our guardians from?

A

Invasion and infections

80
Q

Thrombocytes are also known as platelets and are the?

A

Smallest formed elements and are responsible for the blood’s ability to clot

81
Q

Platelets stick together and?

A

Plug a hole in a blood vessel

82
Q

Foreign antigens which were not originally found in the body are?

A

“Non-self” antigens

83
Q

____ exist on the cell membrane of every cell in the body?

A

“Self-antigens”

84
Q

This chain of events called the antigen antibody reaction is the?

A

Basis of your immune response

85
Q

Special blood antigen were first found in the ?

A

Blood of Rhesus monkeys and labeled as Rh factor

86
Q

The Rh factor is found in ____ population of the United States?

A

85% of the Caucasian and 88% of the African American

87
Q

Walls are composed of three layers, often referred to as coats or tunics?

A

Tunica interna - innermost layer
Tunica media - middle layer
Tunica externa - outermost layer

88
Q

Tunica interna is a layer of ?

A

Simple squamous epithelium providing a smooth surface for blood flow

89
Q

Tunica media is the middle layer made up of?

A

A thicker and is composed mainly of smooth muscle, elastic tissue, and collagen

90
Q

Tunica externa is the outermost layer sue to its?

A

Composition of mostly fibrous tissue, its job is o provide vessel support and protection

91
Q

Arteries possess much thicker walls than veins because?

A

Arteries are closer to the heart ad have to deal with higher pressures

92
Q

The lumen in veins are larger than in arteries, and also?

A

Contain valves that prevent backward flow of blood

93
Q

Dozens of capillaries form a web, or network, of vessels are called?

A

A capillary bed

94
Q

Cardiac output is a function of heart rate and the?

A

Amount of blood pumped with each contraction (stroke volume)

95
Q

Heart rate and stroke volume (together being cardiac output) are?

A

Regulated by the autonomic nervous system

96
Q

The parasympathetic division, through the vagus nerves, releases a ?

A

Neurotransmitter that ca decrease heart rate

97
Q

Peripheral resistance is controlled by the?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

98
Q

Fluid volume is controlled by?

A

Hormones

99
Q

The fluid that forms in the lungs and causes difficulty breathing is called?

A

Pulmonary edema

100
Q

This condition is a potentially life threatening in which fatty deposits, called plaques, build up on the inner lining of blood vessels?

A

Atherosclerosis

101
Q

Heredity is one factor for atherosclerosis, and is a common?

A

Side effect of diabetes

102
Q

If blood flow is restricted in one or more coronary arteries, hear muscle may become oxygen-starved with he result of dying myocardial tissue. This would be a?

A

Myocardial infarction, or heart attack

103
Q

If there is a blockage of blood flow to the brain, a ____ can occur?

A

Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) or stroke

104
Q

Reduced blood flow leaders to tissue injury called?

A

Ischemia

105
Q

An aneurysm is a localized weakened area of blood vessel wall that may have been caused by a?

A

Congenital defect, disease, or injury

106
Q

_____ is a condition with fewer than normal RBCs, or an abnormal or deficient amount of hemoglobin?

A

Anemia

107
Q

What are some common symptoms of anemia?

A

Pale skin, mucous membranes, and nail beds; fatigue and muscle weakness; shortness of breath; and chest pain

108
Q

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited condition in which ?

A

RBCs and hemoglobin molecules can’t form properly

109
Q

____is a condition in which a higher-than normal number of white blood cells are o produced. The white blood cells produced are immature and therefore ineffective in protecting the body?

A

Leukemia, usually due to bone marrow cancer

110
Q

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are?

A

Arteries

111
Q

Deoxygenated blood is found primarily in?

A

Systemic veins

112
Q

The base of the heart is located_____ to the apex?

A

Superior

113
Q

The chamber where blood first enters the heart is the?

A

Atrium

114
Q

The tricuspid valve is located between the?

A

Right atrium and right ventricle

115
Q

What causes valves to open and close?

A

Pressure

116
Q

Capillaries are made of only this layer?

A

Tunica interna

117
Q

The yellowish straw-colored liquid that comprises about 55% of blood’s volume is ?

A

Plasma

CELL BIO EXAM 4 (5 decks)

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