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A&P 1 > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

features of intercalated discs

A

interdigitating folds, mechanical junctions, electrical junctions. Because of these features the entire collection of cardiac myocytes act simultaneously. This way the heart contracts as a unit.

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2
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure. Normal newborn 90/55 and adults 120/80. Adults- hypertension starts at 130/80 and higher. Can lead to myocardial hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, and damage to endothelium

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3
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium, due to a decrease or absence of serous fluid. This condition can be caused following bacterial pneumonia

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4
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

increased pressure in the pericardial sac due to these fluids, which impedes or stops a beating heart

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5
Q

angina

A

chest pain due to ischemia (deficient blood delivery to the heart muscle caused by transient spasm of coronary arteries)

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6
Q

commotio cordis

A

sudden cardiac death secondary to low impact blunt trauma to the anterior chest wall. Rare, but is the second most common cause of sudden cardiac death in athletes

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7
Q

Systemic circuit of the heart

A

left heart pumps blood to circulate throughout body, this side works harder (walls of ventricle are 2-3 times thicker)

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8
Q

pulmonary circuit of the heart

A

right heart pumps blood to lungs (loads 02 and unloads CO2

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9
Q

AV valves

A

atrioventricular valves, dense CT covered by endocardium. Regulates the openings between the atria and ventricles. Right- tricuspid, Left- bicuspid

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10
Q

semilunar valves

A

regulate flow of blood from the ventricles into the great arteries. Pulmonary- controls the opening from the rt ventricle into the pulmonary trunk, aortic- controls the opening from the left ventricle into the aorta

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11
Q

SA node

A

sinoatrial node (pacemaker). increases the contraction rate of the individual cardiac cells (100 beats/min)

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12
Q

Sinus rhythm

A

normal heart rate

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13
Q

AV node

A

atrioventricular node, depolarizes at about 50 beats/min. Picks up the signal from the SA node and sends the signal to the bundle of His/AV bundle with depolarizes at about 30 beats/min

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13
Q

systole

A

contraction of the heart (the top number in BP)

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13
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of the heart (the bottom number in BP)

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14
Q

ectopic focus

A

and region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node

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15
Q

nodal rhythm

A

this is the most common ectopic focus, this is where the AV node produces a slower heart rate (about 40-50 bpm)- Bradycardia

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16
Q

pacemaker potential

A

at -40mV, fast Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ flows in from the ECF. This produces the rising or depolarization of the action potential to about +10mV

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17
Q

ECG

A

p wave- atrial depolarization, QRS complex- on set of ventricular depolarization, t wave- ventricular repolarization

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18
Q

The cardiac cycle- Atrial systole/Ventricular diastole

A

SA node depolarizes causing atrial depolarization (P wave), atrial systole- atrial contraction forces blood into ventricles, atrial systole- continues forcing more blood into the ventricles, QRS complex marks onset of ventricular depolarization

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19
Q

Ventricular systole/Atrial Diastole

A

isovolumetric contraction- ventricles start contracting, increasing ventricular pressure, AV valves are forced close. Pressure continues to increase while volume remains unchanged; Ventricular ejection- ventricular pressure surpasses aortic/pulmonary trunk pressure. Semilunar valves open and blood is ejected from ventricles. As blood volume drops in the ventricles, interventricular pressure drops. Blood remanding gin the ventricles is called end-systolic volume (ESV). T-wave marks ventricular repolarization

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20
Q

Relaxation period

A

ventricular diastole- the aortic/pulmonary trunk pressure surpasses ventricular pressure surpasses ventricular pressure causing the semilunar valves to close. The dicrotic wave/notch is created by the rebound of blood filling the semilunar valves cusps. At this time all four valves are closed, this is know as isovolumetric relaxation. As the ventricles continue to relax, pressure rapidly falls below the atrial pressure. AV valves open and ventricular filling begins again.

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21
Q

EDV (End Diastolic Volume)

A

amount of blood in ventricle at end of diastole (rest) , ventricles are full

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22
Q

ESV (End Systolic Volume)

A

amount of blood in ventricles at end of systole (contraction), Ventricles are almost empty

23
Q

SV (stroke volume)

A

amount of blood from one ventricle in one heartbeat (typically 70ml/beat)

24
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

the difference between the rate at which the heart pumps blood and its maximum capacity to pump blood. Can be a health indicator. Declines with age, however, it can be improved with exercise.

25
Q

Pulse pressure

A

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

26
Q

ejection fraction

A

the % of EDV ejected from ventricle

27
Q

overview of volume changes

A

right ventricular output greater than left ventricle= fluid in lungs, left ventricular output greater than right ventricle= fluid in body (extremity edema)

28
Q

tunica interna

A

the endothelium that lines the lumen of vessels. Consists of simple squamous epithelium

29
Q

tunica media

A

the middle layer of the vessel, consisting of elastic fibers and smooth muscle

30
Q

tunica externa

A

the outer most layer, consisting of elastic fibers and collagen fibers

31
Q

elastic arteries

A

conducting arteries, the largest diameter arteries (aorta, brachiocephalic, common carotid arteries). The tunica media consists of a large proportion of elastic fibers, which propels blood onward during diastole

32
Q

muscular arteries

A

distributing arteries, the medium sized arteries (brachial and radial) with a much higher percentage of smooth muscle in the tunica media. The smooth muscle allows for great vasoconstriction and vasodilation

33
Q

arterioles

A

resistance vessels, very small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries. Regulate resistance to blood flow

34
Q

capillaries

A

exchange vessels, microscopic vessels found between arterioles and venules, consisting of a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane.

35
Q

metarterioles

A

connect arterioles to capillary beds. Contain smooth muscle to contract or relax to regulate blood flow through the capillary beds

36
Q

precapillary sphincter

A

connect metarterioles to true capillaries and can also contract or relax to regulate blood flow

37
Q

continuous capillaries

A

the endothelial cells form a continuous tube with the exception of intercellular clefts for gas and nutrient exchange. Found in skin, skeletal/smooth muscle, CT, and lungs

38
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

the endothelial cells from many fenestrations (holes) which are larger than intercellular clefts. Found where active capillary absorption of filtrate occurs and in organs such as the kidneys, SI, and endocrine glands

39
Q

sinusoids

A

capillaries; the endothelial cells are very loosely attached forming very large openings to allow large substances like proteins or RBCs to pas through. Found in red bone marrow, liver, spleen, pituitary, and parathyroid gland

40
Q

venules

A

small veins that accept blood from several capillaries. Consist of a tunica interna and a thin tunica media.

41
Q

veins

A

consist of the same layers found in arteries, however the layers are much thinner. Veins of the limbs have one-way valves (folds of tunica interna)

42
Q

blood distribution

A

40% of our total blood supply is located in the arteries, arterioles, pulmonary vessels, heart, and capillaries. 60% of the total blood volume is located in the veins and venules (blood reservoir)

43
Q

BPH

A

blood hydrostatic pressure, pressure placed on blood from ventricular systole

43
Q

Capillary exchange

A

diffusion, transcytosis, bulk flow (filtration and reabsorption)

44
Q

IFOP

A

interstitial fluid osmotic pressure, osmotic pressure placed on blood from interstitial solutes

45
Q

BCOP

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure, osmotic pressure placed on blood from solutes in the blood plasma (albumin)

46
Q

main factors influencing BP

A

blood volume, cardiac output, peripheral resistance

47
Q

what influences blood resistance

A

blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius

48
Q

SNS NTs acting on the heart and blood vessels

A

Epinephrine/norepinephrine, ADH, Aldosterone

49
Q

PNS NTs acting on the heart and blood vessels

A

acetylcholine

50
Q

cerebral circulation

A

feeds the brain blood

51
Q

coronary circulation

A

feeds the myocardium blood

52
Q

anastomoses

A

an alternate pathway for blood flow, are often found for important organs, such as the brain and heart

53
Q

hepatic portal circulation

A

runs from the digestive tract to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

54
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

moves blood between the heart and lungs

55
Q
A

A&P 1 (2 decks)

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